An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue :: Philosophy Essays

An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue Inwardly examining his own nature, man would prefer to see himself as a virtuously courageous being designed in the image of a divine supernatural force. Not to say that the true nature of man is a complete beast, he does posses, like many other creatures admirable traits. As author Matt Ridley examines the nature of man in his work The Origins of Virtue, both the selfish and altruistic sides of man are explored. Upon making an honest and accurate assessment of his character, it seems evident that man is not such a creature divinely set apart from the trappings of selfishness and immorality. Rather than put man at either extreme it seems more accurate to describe man as a creature whose tendency is to look out for himself first, as a means of survival. It is true that on many levels humans act in a cooperative way to benefit all-- but does that warrant a claim that man is genetically altruistic? Perhaps the reasoning behind his actions would lead to another view. As Ridley examines man's dependency upon others in his species, it becomes apparent that man is not necessarily a savage beast out to do everyone in, but rather a lone creature trying to ensure his survival. In comparing man as the lone hunter to the cooperative being he is today it is evident that his species has thrived and survived with much greater ease in a cooperative society as opposed to a lone hunter. Though it can be easily argued that this cooperation between man, is at some level a sort of mutual altruism, it may better be understood as a selfish means of survival. The saying goes that "there is safety in numbers, " this could not be more true for man's plight. Because alone man stands little chance of perpetuating his genes, he flocks to the community wher e he has the better chance of survival, as do his genes. So to better understand the reasoning behind man's need to be in the community it is imperative to look at nature. In the wild and brutal game of life the only measure of true success is whether genes are passed on. Like any other animal this measure of success measures man's success too. For all creatures, to survive is the chance at continuing a gene line, and it is this necessity to continue the line that is innately imbedded in man and all other creatures. An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue :: Philosophy Essays An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue Inwardly examining his own nature, man would prefer to see himself as a virtuously courageous being designed in the image of a divine supernatural force. Not to say that the true nature of man is a complete beast, he does posses, like many other creatures admirable traits. As author Matt Ridley examines the nature of man in his work The Origins of Virtue, both the selfish and altruistic sides of man are explored. Upon making an honest and accurate assessment of his character, it seems evident that man is not such a creature divinely set apart from the trappings of selfishness and immorality. Rather than put man at either extreme it seems more accurate to describe man as a creature whose tendency is to look out for himself first, as a means of survival. It is true that on many levels humans act in a cooperative way to benefit all-- but does that warrant a claim that man is genetically altruistic? Perhaps the reasoning behind his actions would lead to another view. As Ridley examines man's dependency upon others in his species, it becomes apparent that man is not necessarily a savage beast out to do everyone in, but rather a lone creature trying to ensure his survival. In comparing man as the lone hunter to the cooperative being he is today it is evident that his species has thrived and survived with much greater ease in a cooperative society as opposed to a lone hunter. Though it can be easily argued that this cooperation between man, is at some level a sort of mutual altruism, it may better be understood as a selfish means of survival. The saying goes that "there is safety in numbers, " this could not be more true for man's plight. Because alone man stands little chance of perpetuating his genes, he flocks to the community wher e he has the better chance of survival, as do his genes. So to better understand the reasoning behind man's need to be in the community it is imperative to look at nature. In the wild and brutal game of life the only measure of true success is whether genes are passed on. Like any other animal this measure of success measures man's success too. For all creatures, to survive is the chance at continuing a gene line, and it is this necessity to continue the line that is innately imbedded in man and all other creatures.

Criminal Justice Process Essay

Generally speaking, the concept of the legal system can often seem very complex, confusing, and intimidating. However, to assist in comprehending the system, the state of Kansas has defined a sequence of events in processing criminal cases where each action encompasses a specific function. Whether it is the police officer who investigates the crime, the prosecutor who must gather the facts for action, the defendant who must obtain a lawyer and prove their case, or the judge and jury who determine the fate of the offender; having a basic understanding of the law is imperative in protecting individual rights. Within this paper I will discuss the Kansas state criminal justice process and the multifaceted decisions that ensure justice is provided to all. Although the Kansas criminal law process is disclosed, it still may be difficult for an individual to navigate through the system alone. Therefore, once a person is taken into custody, he/she should immediately seek counsel to assist in the legal process. The first step in the criminal process is the investigation by law enforcement before an arrest is made. Moreover, an investigation of a said crime may be initiated in many ways. For instance, it could be as simple as an officer who witnesses a vehicle speeding or something that requires a more collective effort such as a 911 call from a bystander. An officer may speak to only one person or it may involve multiple witnesses being interviewed where evidence may be gathered over time. If an officer believes that there is enough evidence of a crime, he/she can try to obtain a search warrant. This process includes a judge who will review the information and approve/disapprove the warrant based on probable cause. Probable cause, as it applies to a search, is the facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that evidence is in a particular place (Wright, 2013). After law enforcement has conducted their investigation, a criminal arrest will transpire. A person may or may not be aware that they will be taken into custody, but in either situation, it is important for that individual to obtain the representation of an experienced defense lawyer as soon as possible. An arrest is defined as a seizure of a person and/or deprivation of his/her personal liberty by a legal authority or under legal authority (Gale, 2002). In Kansas, an officer of the law may arrest a person for the following reasons: a warrant  commanding that person to be arrested; has probable cause to believe that a warrant for the person’s arrest has been issued in this state or in another jurisdiction for a felony committed therein; has probable cause to believe that the person is committing or has committed felony (KSA, 2009). No matter where or when an interrogation occurs, the person in custody (deprived of his or her freedom of action in any significant way), must be read their Miranda rights if the suspect’s answers are to be used as evidence at a trial (Merriam-Webster, 1996). A Miranda warning is not required if a person is not in police custody; however, anything the person says can still be used at trial if the person is later charged with a crime. This exception most often happens when the police stop someone on the street to question him/her about a recent crime and the person blurts out a confession before the police have an opportunity to deliver the warning. Therefore, it is critical that a person in custody does not answer the police/detective’s questions without having a lawyer present. This will ensure the individual’s rights under the Fifth Amendment are protected and they do not make any self-incriminating statements. Kansas divides crimes into two categories: felonies and misdemeanors. A felony crime can be defined as a crime that results in incarceration of one year or more in jail or prison (Wright, 2013). The state of Kansas has four types of felony convictions: drug felonies, non-drug felonies, off grid felonies and non-grid felonies. Drug felonies are related to the possession, use, manufacture, and the sale of illegal drugs. Off grid felonies, which frequently have a life time sentence, are typically related to murder and certain child sex crimes. While, non grid felonies are usually related to domestic battery or felony driving under the influence. Once the suspect is arrested, a defense attorney is assigned to the person if the individual cannot afford one. A defense attorney is a lawyer who advises, represents, and acts for the defendant in a legal proceeding or for the offender in post-conviction proceedings (Gale, 2002). A defense attorney appears with the defendant at the arraignment where the defendant will plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. If the defendant pleads not guilty, the defense attorney then represents his/her client during the various stages of the trial process. During the pre-trail stage, the defense counsel’s investigation should begin its own inquiry by interviewing witnesses,  obtaining police reports, and reviewing other documents. (Gale, 2002). Additionally, any exculpatory evidence that the prosecutor discovers which is helpful to the defendant must be given to the defense attorney. It is during this stage that the defense attorney assesses the strength of the prosecutor’s case and advises the client as to the possible outcomes. If it would be useful in the defense effort, the defense counsel could hire a private investigator in an effort to collect evidence in support of the case or to discredit elements of the prosecution’s case. While the defense attorney is collecting evidence to help the client from being convicted, the prosecutor initiates his/her own effort on the criminal actions against the alleged person who has committed the offense. A prosecutor can be defined as a lawyer employed by the state who seeks to obtain a conviction in a court against the defendant (Gale, 2002). After the police investigators have filed the paper work for the arrest, the prosecutor will review the paper work and apply the appropriate Kansas laws to determine if the person that has been arrested should be formally charged with a crime. Unfortunately, this period can last a few days, weeks, or months. The most serious crimes in Kansas, such has murder and terrorism, have no statute of limitations. Statutes of limitations are federal and state laws that set out time periods within which a certain type of civil or criminal action must be brought or the right to bring the action will be lost (Gale, 2002). This law is to ensure the defendant has a fair chance to rebut the claim. Since Kansas does not set a time period for murder and terrorism, this does not violate the due process of the Fourteenth Amendment. The prosecutor will continue to examine the files and he/she may contact the police and request that additional inquiries are conducted. During this time, it may be possible to convince the prosecutor not to file charges or to request a lesser charge. After a charge is filed, the number of court appearances may vary depending on the type of case. A court appearance can be defined as the act of coming to court to defend or prosecute a case and to enter an appearance to register with a court that a defendant intends to defend an action (Black, 2007). â€Å"The first court appearance is known as an arraignment in the state of Kansas. An arraignment is a hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case. When a court arraigns a person, the identity of the defendant is established, and the defendant is  informed of the charge and his or her constitutional and statutory rights. Bail can also be set at arraignment. The defendant is required to enter a plea, which distinguishes an arraignment from a defendant’s first appearance, where all other matters may be raised† (Gale, 2002). The arraignment process in felony cases cannot take place unless the prosecutor has prepared a written set of charges. In the state of Kansas, the prosecutor is required to convene a grand jury before charging a defendant with a serious crime. After the suspect is convicted of the crime, a sentencing process is started. On July 1, 1993, the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act was developed to assist in determining felony sentencing through a grid system. For this reason, Kansas law uses the following two primary factors to determine the punishment of a convicted felon: the severity level of the crime and the defendant’s criminal history. Sentencing is the penalty imposed by a court upon a person convicted of a crime. The types of sentences include capital punishment, imprisonment, fines, restitution, and probation (Gale, 2002). Since the 1980s, sentencing guidelines started utilizing a point system based on the criminal offense and the criminal history of the defendant. A higher number results in a more severe criminal sanction. Additionally, judges have little or no discretion to depart from these guidelines (Gale, 2002). Thus, sentencing guidelines that Kansas has established provide practitioners in the criminal justice system with an overview of presumptive felony sentences. The juncture of the severity level of the crime of conviction and the offender’s criminal history category is the presumed sentence (KSA, 2012). Once a person is convicted of a felony, either by pleading guilty or being found guilty at trial, the judge will order a pre-sentence investigation and receive a report from the probation office. This report will advise the judge of the severity level of the crime, which grid it is on, drug or non-drug, and the defendant’s criminal history. In Kansas, the sentencing grid is how the judge determines the sentencing of a felony conviction. Nevertheless, not all crimes will fit on the grid. Thus, the sentencing for those crimes is individually outlined by the legislature. The majority of the felony crimes in Kansas fall on the sentencing grid, where the criminal history and the severity level of the crime aid the judge in determining the sentence. Non-drug and drug are two grids on the sentencing range. The  non-drug grid contains ten severity levels of offenses that range from theft to rape and murder. A level one offense represents a significant transgression while a level ten represents the least serious of the crimes. The drug grid contains four levels of offenses encompassing possession, distribution, manufacturing and cultivation of controlled substances. Similar to the non-drug grid, a level one offense is a severe crime and a level four represents a minimum wrongdoing. After the judge or court reviews the drug or non drug grid, the next step is to look at the criminal history of the accused. Criminal history in Kansas is classified as â€Å"A† through â€Å"I†, depending on a person’s past criminal history (KSA, 2012). A criminal history score of â€Å"A† is the highest criminal history score and would likely be assigned to a person with three or more personal felonies. A criminal history score of â€Å"I† is the lowest criminal history score and would be allocated to an individual with only one misdemeanor conviction or no criminal history. Within each grid box there are three numbers which represent months of imprisonment. These three numbers provide the judge or court with a range for sentencing. The sentencing judge or court then has the discretion to sentence within these parameters. The middle number in the grid box is the average number that is intended to be the appropriate sentence time for a typical case. The upper and lower numbers should be used for cases involving aggravating or mitigating factors sufficient to warrant a departure. The sentencing judge or court may increase the length of a sentence up to double the duration within the grid box (KSA, 2012). The judge or court may also depart downward to lower the duration of a presumptive sentence. Moreover, the judge or court can impose a dispositional departure by electing to implement a sentence of prison to probation or probation to prison. Once the criminal history and the severity level of the offense are determined, the grids will dictate the sentencing range and disposition for the judge or court. For example, rape in Kansas is a severity level one felony. If the defendant has no prior criminal record, then the crime is punishable by 147, 155, or 165 months in prison. If the same crime was particularly cruel or violent, the judge may impose the aggravated sentence of 165 months in prison. A defendant with an â€Å"A† level criminal history who is convicted of a particularly brutal rape could face up to 653 months in prison. After the judge or court  has reviewed the grid and all the files for the case, sentencing can be deliberated. By Kansas law, judges or the court must impose a sentence shown in the appropriate grid box unless substantial and compelling reasons exist to depart from the sentences. The sentencing judge or court should consider all available alternatives in determining the appropriate sentence for each offender. The sentencing guidelines seek to establish equity among like offenders in similar case scenarios. Rehabilitative measures are still an integral part of the corrections process, and criminal justice professionals continue efforts to reestablish offenders within communities (KSA, 2012). The guidelines do not prohibit sentencing courts from departing from the prescribed sentence in atypical cases. The sentencing court is free to choose an appropriate sentence, or combination of sentences, for each case (KSA, 2012). In 2008, Kansas changed its sentencing guidelines by implementing a no downward dispositional departure for any crime of extreme sexual violence. A downward durational departure can be allowed for any crime of extreme sexual violence to no less than fifty percent of the center of the grid range of the sentence for such crime. Does the Kansas judge or court have to follow the guidelines in the grid box? The answer is no. The judge can deviate from the presumptive range within the box; however, in order for him/her to do so, there must be a substantial and compelling reason. This means, a specific fact should either illustrate that this case is either worse than typical for this type of crime, justifying a longer sentence, or better than typical for this kind of offense, justifying a shorter sentence. As long as the judge stays in the box, the sentence cannot be appealed. A conviction could be appealed, but not the sentence. Judges typically do not depart, either shorter or longer, unless both the prosecution and the defense agree that he/she should. In order for a judge to depart upward to a longer sentence than contained in the box, he/she must usually have a jury finding of the extraordinary fact justifying the longer sentence. In Kansas, the legislature has designated convictions as presumptive probation, presumptive prison, and border box. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a presumptive probation offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is entitled to a contract of probation. The defendant, on the other hand, could serve the underlying sentence if he/she violates the terms and  conditions of the probation contract. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a presumptive prison offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is not entitled to a contract of probation and must serve the underlying sentence. A defendant can avoid prison, only if, the court formally deviates from the sentencing guidelines by finding considerable and convincing reasons to grant probation. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a border box offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is not entitled to a contract of probation and must serve the underlying sentence. However, the court is allowed to grant probation at the request or agreement of the parties as long as the court is satisfied that a program is available to the defendant that will ensure community safety interests by promoting the defendant’s rehabilitation and reducing the likelihood of recidivism. There are special rules which could deprive a defendant of his/her presumption of probation and in turn can allow the judge to sentence him/her to prison. An example would be if the crime occurred while the defendant was already on probation or on bond for another crime. These special rules must be taken into consideration when determining what a judge might do at the time of sentencing. In conclusion, Kansas has established a concrete criminal law process that can be directly correlated to its own state legislation. The system provides reasonable and comprehensible guidelines for all to follow in the service of justice. The law is enforced to protect individuals; however, being aware of your fundamental rights is a personal responsibility. If you are stopped, questioned, arrested or searched by federal, state or local law enforcement officers, the most common approach should always be to ask for an attorney. Inevitably, the law is there to sustain the status quo, to protect property, vested rights, and established relationships. An ordered society cannot survive without some type of legal system, even if it is just one simple rule. In the end, the legal system is the only procedure which can guarantee that all human rights are respected. 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The United States Economy And The Optimism Of The American...

The United States Economy and the Optimism of the American People The U.S. economy appears to be on track for a sustainable recovery from one of the biggest economic problems in history, the Great Recession. Unemployment and inflation are both down from where they had been and things have shifted towards recovery. Inflation is likely to remain in an acceptable zone, but policymakers must be vigilant concerning inflation expectations. Employment has recovered slowly but surely as well. Uncertainty/Fear appears to be growing among American, particularly with the unrest in the Middle East, but studies are showing that faith in economists (and the Fed leaders) among citizens is growing rapidly. Due to the uncertainty, flexibility is†¦show more content†¦Thanks to his efforts and those of many others, our economy is significantly stronger today and continues to improve. As mentioned, the U.S. economy has seen a positive shift in the last few years. According to Janet Yelle n (the Chairman of the Fed), the private sector has created 7.8 million jobs since the post-crisis low for employment in 2010. Additionally, housing seems to have turned a corner in which construction, home prices are all up significantly, and as I mentioned earlier, housing was a large sector that was impacted during the Great Recession and the loss was staggering (The U.S. Economy). Another area that we are seeing tremendous growth is within the auto industry. The auto industry has made an incredible comeback with domestic production and sales back to near pre Great Recession levels. Our economy today is showing the unemployment levels down from a peak of ten percent, and has reached the point of full employment once again. According to Jared Bernstein of the New York Times, Last month the national unemployment rate fell from 5.9 to 5.8 percent thus showing that we are back to full employment according to what I have been taught in class, though I am finding some dispute over what numbers should be considered full employment. Nevertheless, our economy is showing a real growth in helping fellow Americans get back to work. In addition to unemployment decreasing we are also seeing a decrease in inflation. AccordingShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Age Of Hope1541 Words   |  7 Pagesto 1989 was a period in the United States which spurred hope for the economy and in the spirits of the people. The 1980’s were a decade of the American people standing together in tragedy and rejoicing with each other in victory. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the decade and an age of an oppression overseas. America cheered for the freedom of her brothers and sisters in Germany. 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The United States seemed like an unlikely candidate for being involved with WW1 because they were Isolationists and stood neutral in the conflict for three years. The reasons for US involvement in WW1 was because of economic instability if Bri tain loses the war

William Douglas s Enlightened Sexism The Seductive...

I. Bibliographic Reference Douglas, S. J. (2010). Enlightened sexism. New York City, New York: Times Books. II. Author’s Background (about 1 paragraph) Susan Douglas is a woman herself, she has gone through the experience that many women have to go through. Because she, herself, is a woman, she is able to speak upon the subject with experience. She knows what she is talking about when it comes to women stereotypes. She is also a feminist academic, columnist, and focuses her writing on gender issues, media criticism and American politics. Since she is knowledgeable on the subject, she is able to challenge other’s thinking and opinions on the subject. III. Primary Issue Explored (about 1 – 2 paragraphs) In Susan Douglas’ Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done, Susan discusses the issues within feminism. Feminism is said to something of the past, however there are vast differences between men and women. Enlightened sexism, as Douglas defines it, is a sexism that is much more subtle and a sexism in which on the surface, the media represents women in a positions of power, yet the media is simply covering the actuality of the matter. So, is the work of feminist really over, or has it just began? IV. Author’s Conclusion/Position (about 1 – 2 paragraphs) Susan Douglas’ Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done tries to diminish the divide between the image the media and other outlets try to put out there and the realityShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

No Ordinary Time By Doris Kearns Goodwin - 1320 Words

â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) said this famous quote at his first inaugural address, when he took one of the most important jobs in the world, becoming the president of the United States. He then went on to do what no other president had done before―be elected for more than two terms. The people elected Franklin for four consecutive terms during one of the nation’s hardest times, and he and his wife helped pull the nation to its feet. This period of World War II is captured in the biography No Ordinary Time: Franklin Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II by Doris Kearns Goodwin. The author uses countless interviews to piece together the perspective of the home front from†¦show more content†¦However, Roosevelt’s support and vitality to the nation in the time of peril won him a third term in 1940, despite criticism by isolationists and the risky move to initiate the first peaceti me draft in United States history. After receiving a very important letter from Winston Churchill concerning American aid and dreaming of an ingenious solution, Roosevelt called for America to become the â€Å"arsenal for democracy† (Goodwin 195), and emphasized the lend-lease program as an alternative to war. At the end of 1941, Congress was painfully slow to set up defense against the Axis, but FDR insightfully waited for the right moment. On December 7, the Japanese launched a massive surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, and Roosevelt did exactly what the people wanted―he declared war on the Axis powers and ramped up war production. Through the progression of the war, Roosevelt was on good terms with Stalin, however he became fantastic friends with Churchill. Occasionally, Franklin took business trips around the country to the various auto manufacturers that had been converted to production lines for the war effort. He knew his visits boosted productivity as well as mor ale, so he enjoyed them, especially when workers shouted his name with glee. Late in 1942, civilian support for the war dropped with a decrease in morale. Franklin knew just the right move, and launched an invasion of North Africa thatShow MoreRelatedNo Ordinary Time By Doris Kearns Goodwin1688 Words   |  7 PagesDoris Kearns Goodwin’s biographical novel delves deep into the personal lives of the Roosevelts. From their meetings with world leaders to problems in their marriage concerning infidelity, nothing is left unsaid. The historical novel starts with Roosevelt sitting in his bedroom, contemplating the end of the phony war that occurred before the official beginning of World War II. The novel continues with Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s attempts to aid overseas Allies while trying to prepare his own countryRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt s Life Of Wealth And Privilege1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Plain, ordinary Mrs. Roosevelt† Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 in New York City to socialites Elliot Bulloch Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall. She was born into a world of immense wealth and privilege that she didn’t really fit into or understand. Her mother died in 1892 and after a long battle with alcoholism, her father leapt to his death from a sanitarium window in 1894. After so much death at a young age, Eleanor was prone to bouts of melancholy and depression throughout her life. AfterRead MoreWar and the Centralization of Power Essays2049 Words   |  9 Pagesand education were substantial† (Trattner 89). President Abraham Lincoln would come under fire for many of his war time policies, the biggest: Emancipation Proclamation and the suspension writ of habeas corpus. Although arguably justified, these acts gave President Lincoln the name of tyrant for these powers were not explicitly laid out in the Constitution (Goodwin 355). During this time of war, President Lincoln assumed multiple â€Å"war powers† as commander in chief, in doing so he began to define theRead MoreThe Heroes Of Abraham Lincoln2389 Words   |  10 PagesLiterature B4 4/27/2015 American Hero Many admire presidents as their heroes for the great power they possess. However, in my opinion, a hero is built by his or her characteristics. Abraham Lincoln was known to be a shining star in American History at time of darkness. He was courageous; when segregation, slavery, racism dominated the social trend it was him that pushed against all the odds and united the nation. He was confident; when facing military disadvantages and doubts from his own generals, it

How to Break Bad Habits Free Essays

I believe that Study abroad is a really challenge in life. if you have a plan to study abroad, u should prepare everything carefully. first, u should learn how to stand on your own feet, learn the ways take care of yourself, such as learn to cook, tidy up. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Break Bad Habits or any similar topic only for you Order Now second, u need prepare your knowledge of geography, culture, politics of the country u will go, it will help in falling in line with foreign land. Third, u should come with opening your mind and your heart to face with everything, making friends with someone will help u feel more confident. Finually, u should keep in touch with ur family and your friends through Skype, Yahoo Messenger or Facebook so that won’t feel lonely. study abroad really difficult, but I think that u will go over and will get satisfactory results. I believe that studying abroad is really a challenge in life. if you plan to study abroad, u should prepare everything carefully. first, u should learn how to stand on your own feet, learn the ways to take care of yourself, such as learning how to cook and to tidy up. econd, u need to prepare your knowledge of the geography, culture, and politics of the country u will go to, it will help in falling in line with foreign land. Third, u should come with opening your mind and your heart to face with everything, making friends with someone will help u feel more confident. Finally, u should keep in touch with ur family and your friends through Skype, Yahoo Messenger or Facebook so that won’t feel lonely. studying abroad is really difficult, but I think that u will go over and will get satisfactory results. —- How to cite How to Break Bad Habits, Papers

Pricing of Covered Warrants in Equity Markets Empirical Evidence

Question: Discuss about the Pricing of Covered Warrants in a Thin and Developed Equity Markets Empirical Evidence. Answer: Introduction A new type of financial instrument in the year 1998, was introduced to the market of Italy known as covered warrants. Approximately 3500 issues at the end of 2002 were listed covered warrant market. The covered warrant allows the holders to sell or purchases of currency and equities from the issuer at a specific time and price. The diffusion of the covered warrants is due to its simplicity of use and its use as the substitutes of the derivatives (Besley, 2016). The investors have joined the world of derivatives and purchasing the covered warrants which are the financial instruments that derives their values from the performances of other assets such as stock exchanges indices, shares, interest rates, currencies, and commodities. Distinctions between covered warrants, equity warrant, equity option The covered warrant is referred to a type of warrant that allows the holders to sell or purchase a specific amount of currency and equities from the issuer. The equity warrant is the instruments that give the right to the holder to purchase the stocks at a predetermined price. The buyer of the warrants needs to make the upfront payment to gain the right to the warrants issuer. The equity options have the powers to protect, diversify or develop the share portfolio because it can be used regardless of conditions of the share market (Britton and Waterston, 2013). Covered warrants Equity warrant Equity option Covered warrants are the security options that are issued by the third party. Covered warrants work in a similar way to the options contracts that allows the private investors to carry out trade in the prices of assets such as currencies, global indices, equities, and commodities. The covered warrants generate a return if the prices of the underlying assets have increased above the strike price before the maturity date. The warrants are issued by the way of the preferential allotment to institutional investors, promoters and other investors. Equity warrants protect the participants of the market from the defaulting counterparties and provide the hedging opportunities. The equity warrants are not the equity shares because they do not carry any voting or dividend rights. It is issued by the organization during the period of financing in order to purchase the security. The equity options are commonly used by the market participants which includes investors seeking exposure to movements of the shares for a fraction of the cost of an actual share. Traders and brokers can access the options listed on the stock exchange through a technology platform that offers dual options structure of the market. The equity option allows the regulators to gain the exposure to the share price movements for less than the actual share cost. Issuing warrants The organizations issue warrants in order to raise funds to meet the needs of the business operations and expanding its operations. The companies can also sell the stocks and regulated by the securities and exchange commission. Some organizations issue the warrants to crystalize the deal during a restructuring or takeover. Warrants are considered as an investment for an organization to offer (Duguid, 2017). The warrants provide the investors a wide opportunity for high returns and also has a higher risk. Thus, the company issues warrant to increase their funds and expand their business operations. Warrants, like the options, provides the buyer the right to purchase the stocks. Types of investment warrant Warrants are of different types, and the stock warrants can be put and call warrants. Call warrants: The call warrants give the right to the investors to purchase the underlying stocks. The put warrants give the right to the investors to sell their underlying stock. The former presents specific numbers of shares that can be purchased at a specific price from the issuer (Helbk, Lindset and McLellan, 2010). The latter present certain amount of equities that can be sold back at a specific price to the issuer. Covered warrants: The covered warrant has the underlying backings. Beforehand, the issuer can purchase the stocks. The index warrants us used as an underlying asset as the index warrant. Traditional warrants: The traditional warrants are being issued in conjunction with the bond. The buyer is given the right to purchase the stock of the organization (Welch, 2014). Naked warrants: The naked warrant is issued without the bond and a traditional warrant is traded on the stock exchange (Powers and Needles, 2012). The naked warrant is also known as the covered warrants. Benefits, and disadvantages of issuing warrants The issuing of warrants provides a wide opportunity to the companies to raise their funds and expand their business operations. The advantages and disadvantages of issuing warrants are as follows: Benefits of issuing warrants The warrants can be transferrable and it tends to be more attractive for long term and short term investment plans. Warrants are considered as a high return investment technique. They are an attractive option for hedgers and speculators (Rahman, 2015). The company uses the warrants to increase the funds and invest into core activities. It allows balanced financing between equity and debt. Disadvantages Because of the leverage, gearing and lower price, it offers high risk. They can be exercised when the company has to need for increasing more capital (Steele, 2009). When the warrants are exercised, then it will result in the dilution of the common stock that in turns lower the price of the stock in the market. Conclusion The warrants are issued by the companies in order to expand the business operations. The investors purchase the warrants and high risk associated with it. The stock warrants give the holders the rights but not the obligations to purchase the underlying the security at a certain price. The companies issue the share, and it is purchased by the investors. References Besley, S. (2016).Corporate finance. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Britton, A. and Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. DUGUID, C. (2017).STOCK EXCHANGE. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. Helbk, M., Lindset, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Powers, M. and Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Steele, J. (2009).The Market. New York: Disney/Hyperion Books. Welch, I. (2014).Corporate finance. Los Angeles: Ivo Welch.