Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research - Assignment Example adults, the current trend on the progression in lung cancer among the U.S adults, the relevance of smoking among the above mention group, the effect of passive smoking among the U.S. adults etc. The several study reported under this category also included the effect of long term assessment of these factors. The important journals that have reported the relevant articles for the research question proposed here are Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Lung Cancer, Clinics in Chest Medicine, Journal of Adolescent Health, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Social Science & Medicine, Health Psychology and Preventive Medicine. The search strategy adopted to locate the relevant articles is by using an appropriate search tag like "smoking + lung cancer + U.S. Adults" within each of the journals listed earlier. About 1109 journal articles were located in the database in the initial search effort. Further refinement of the search using appropriate fields gave the total number of articles as 78.

Parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Essay Example for Free

Parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Essay How far would you agree that fear of popular hostility was the main reason why governments enacted parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? The reform movement first started to achieve mass support in the 1760s; during the years of the French Revolution it even appealed to the members of the anti-reform Whig party but as war with France started, the authorities feared revolution as had happened in France and so used repressive measures in a bid to stamp out these new ideas. It was in 1815 however that the reform movement began to become more significant when widespread unemployment attracted the masses to the idea of reform. But as conditions improved during the 1820s the pressure for reform decreased as Cobbett said, I defy you to agitate a man on a full stomach. The reform movement was not unified nor was it on a national scale. There were different groups urging for changes the most extensive of these were the radicals, such men as Robert Paine. They campaigned for universal male suffrage, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, a secret ballot, the payment of MPs and the abolition of property qualifications for MPs. There were some more radical that others however and along with little agreement on what should be the best policy of reform they had little success on parliament. There were also calls for reform from more moderate radicals and members of the Whigs that called for measures for more limited reform such as disfranchising the worst of the rotten boroughs and giving representation to larger towns. The lack of reform prior to the 1832 Act can be explained by the lack of unity of the reformers and their less that significant support in the country but more importantly the Tories anti-reform majority in parliament and the small number of pro-reform Whigs and radicals. The economic slump of 1829 and an increase in poor harvests caused unemployment and distress for many working class families and thus made them more susceptible to reformist ideology. This period saw the reform movement revived by such radicals as Cobbett and Hunt; the BPU, a reform organisation was also founded by Thomas Attwood which provided a pressure group aligning the lower and middle class people this provided the opportunity for others to be created throughout the country during 1829-30 with the middle and working classes increasingly cooperating together; the combination of the two provided a class alliance that the Tories were fearful of. The death of the pro-Tory King George IV necessitated a general election in which the Tories majority was heavily reduced and the continuation of Wellingtons government became uncertain with the increase of Whig seats. This was due to the pro-reform attitude of the country especially within the counties and open boroughs. The election saw the return of Henry Brougham in a seat for Yorkshire; he was more popular in the country than any Whig leader and had promised to initiate parliamentary reform. With the reform movements continued support, other agitation began to emerge in the country. The Swing Riots of Southern England involved burning hayricks and breaking machinery which they blamed for reducing employment for farm workers. Although easily suppressed, the Whigs, worried of unrest and encouraged by the Tory decline, announced their intention to introduce reform legislation in the Commons; Wellington however continually expressed his belief that the existing system possessed the full and entire confidence of the country. In November 1830 the defeat of the Tory government in the Commons brought an end to their 20 years of rule. This opened the door to the Whigs who had already expressed intention in reforming parliament who formed a minority government. The Whigs aim of producing this legislation was a measure large enough to satisfy public opinion but to also provide resistance to further innovation and to uphold the authority of the Aristocracy and the existing Whig government. Although they wanted to remove the most blatant abuses, they were heavily concerned with preserving as much as possible the social and political status quo. Their strategy was to remedy the grievances of the middle classes thereby gaining their support and dividing the middle-working class alliance of the reform movement which posed huge problems for the government of left unresolved. The Bill made no concessions to the radicals and working classes meaning that post-reform agitation would almost certainly continue. During the Bills progression through parliament, agitation continued. Political unions organised demonstrations, riots occurred in Nottingham and Bristol and further violence seemed possible. This extra-parliamentary agitation only strengthened the Whig governments determination in passing the Bill. When King William IV refused to create more Whig peers to carry the Bill through the Lords, Grey resigned and Wellington took office again. This resulted in the Days of May where nationwide protests and demonstrations made some fearful of revolution; reformers also threatened an economic crisis by withdrawing gold from the banks to stop the Duke, go for gold. With Wellingtons failure at forming a government, and the huge public opinion in favour of reform, the King had no choice but to create these necessary peers the Tory majority in the House of Lords however conceded and the Bill was passed. It can therefore be seen that although reform was intended by the Whigs, there was still fear of an uprising that could have swayed members votes, especially in the Commons. Further parliamentary reform was inevitable the Whigs had recognised the huge public opinion in favour of reform and were now in a majority in the House of Commons. Lord Althorp even warned Grey in 1833 that without popular measures, the Reform Act will lead to revolution. It is therefore clear that the fear of uprisings was still apparent to many even after the Act was passed. Although the next Reform Act wasnt passed until 1867, there was still popular agitation in the country. This especially came from the Chartist movement whose demands would have essentially made Britain into a democracy; their demands were however ignored by parliament largely based on the fact that anti-reformer Palmerston was in charge for much of the period between the Acts. With an increasing number of reform legislation being passed both social and economic the country was becoming more democratic and with this came factors in determining parliamentary reform. As well as radical demands for reform continuing, a new factor of party political opportunism was also present it was in the Conservative parties own interests to pass the Second Reform Act. As had happened prior to the 1832 Act, 1866 saw economic problems which increased social discontent and fuelled the calls for reform this is evident in the huge surge of membership to the Reform Union and Reform League. In 1866 both organisations one middle class, the other working started working together, creating the same threat that the Tories had feared back in 1830. It was the Liberal party that introduced the first Bill to parliament, with them seeing the opportunity in enfranchising selective members of working class who were already in favour of the party. The radicals backed the Bill but believed that the measure was too limited; many right-wing Liberals however thought the opposite that the Bill would enfranchise too many of the working class. The Conservatives saw the opportunity of the split ideology and the Liberal party and worked with the right-wingers in defeating the Bill in June of 1866; the Liberal government resigned, giving way to a minority Conservative administration. Despite his own parties opposition to reform, Disraeli introduced his own reform Bill based purely on self-interests in gaining the support of the proposed boroughs to be enfranchised. Moreover, Disraeli also claimed that he intended to destroy the present agitation in the country. As well as party political interests, agitation was still ongoing with radicals and organisations pushing for reform. A peaceful demonstration by the Reform League in London had erupted in violence in July 1966; this, along with further riots, convinced many MPs on the need for reform. Disraelis Bill introduced in March 1867 was more moderate than the Liberal one before it, with the intention that those who opposed the last Bill will accept this one. Rather than it being defeated, Disraeli was willing to make the Bill even more radical than the one prior it was their certainty that redistributing seats would return a Conservative majority that made members within the party support the Bill, along with the radical MPs. It can therefore be seen that self-interests of parties was the main factor in bringing about the Second Reform Act rather than agitation in the country, which was the case during the 1830s. Calls for a secret ballot had been apparent since the late eighteenth century, it was even considered during the Reform Bill in 1831. It wasnt however agitation that led to the Ballot Act of 1872, it was the election of 1868. Violence, corruption and intimidation had occurred as in every election prior but what was surprising was the publicity the election received with journalists commenting on the extent to which violence was a factor. The government set up a committee in 1870 to look into this with their report favouring a system of secret voting. Although the Conservatives apposed such a measure, they saw the opportunity in getting radical support so pushed ahead with the Bill. Intimidation still continued even with an increased electorate and secret voting it simply meant that candidates had to spend more to win over the voters. Secret voting did however mean that voters would not necessarily vote for the candidate they had received money from; this, along with radical calls for reform, urged governments of the time to act. The 1883 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act passed with both Conservative and Liberal support it limited the expenditure of elections (fell by three-quarters in the 1885 election) and in turn reduced corruption and violence. It was parties interests saving them the huge expense of elections that again prevailed over agitation to pass reform. After the 1867 Act, most politicians had accepted that further parliamentary reform was inevitable, even if they didnt support it. It was therefore important to ensure that reform was in the parties interests, as had occurred in 1867. It was again party self-interests that determined the Third Reform Act Gladstone agreed to support moderate reform believing he would gain popularity in the country. A Liberal Bill was introduced in 1884 with the Conservative majority of the House of Lords, led by Salisbury, believing that although an extension of the county franchise would be beneficial to the Liberals, a redistribution of seats would prevent them from gaining a sufficient majority. By this time conflict had reappeared again, not regarding reform but the abolition of the House of Lords. The riots that followed were not on the same level as in 1832 and the government had little to worry about. There was no significant extra-parliamentary pressure for reform, it was the parties acting in self-interest for themselves in trying to pass the Bill that really counted. A compromise was finally reached the Arlington Street compact in which both parties got what they wanted the Liberals an extension of the franchise and the Conservatives the redistribution of seats. With each successive Act making the House of Commons more democratic, the House of Lords remained essentially aristocratic, with many radicals proposing the upper House be reformed. There were repeated calls for the House to be abolished, especially during the Liberals Home Rule Bill, which was thrown out by the Lords. The election of 1906 produced a Liberal majority of over 200 seats, with the Lords still a Conservative stronghold poised to block key Liberal measures in the following years. The Parliament Bill was introduced in 1910, but the Lords were reluctant to pass such a measure that would removed their power of veto. Liberal Prime Minister Asquith therefore urged the King to create more peers to secure a Liberal majority insisting that there was a serious state of unrest among the middle classes that could lead to harming the crown. The Bill was reintroduced to Parliament with the House of Lords finally accepting the proposals in August 1911 rather then see the House swamped by Liberal peers. The 1911 Parliament Act can therefore be seen as very little to do with agitation in the country and more of the fact of the increasing hostility between the Liberal government and the Conservation Lords. Although the electoral system was now more representative of the people than ever before, there were still huge numbers of people who were denied the vote women for example made up half of the population but still had no proper political voice. The system was therefore still criticised, with the Liberal party calling for further reform including manhood suffrage and the abolition of plural voting. It was from the womens suffrage movement that significant pressure on parliament after 1885 emerged. Parliament found it increasingly difficult to ignore calls for reform from organisations such as the National Union of Womens Suffrage and the Womens Social and Political Union, both of which held demonstrations and were increasing in popularity. They began more militant activities including vandalism and attacks on MPs which only helped to alienate potential supporters, it was in fact the more moderate groups that found the greater success. Once again it came down to party politics with the Liberal party in 1905 believing that enfranchising women on the same basis as men would create a majority middle-class, who were more than likely to vote Conservative. The reform movement virtually disappeared during the outbreak of the war, which reinforces the claim that the Fourth Reform Act passed in 1918 was a result of the parties, and not extra-parliamentary pressure. The Liberals and Labour both supported universal male suffrage by now, with the Conservatives apposing the idea at first but hoping such enfranchised men would vote Conservative. Women were also partly included in the act not because of suffragette pressure, but because before the war a majority of MPs favoured extending the vote to them as long as it was in their parties interests. It can therefore be seen that virtually no agitation or pressure was put on parliament during the time leading up to the 1918 Act, it was simply due to the self-interests of the parties with each benefiting from a particular aspect of the Bill.

Racial Violence Society

Racial Violence Society Today, various medias have portrayed racist violence in different ways. Racial violence is a way of attacking or abusing one because of his or her identity. For example, imagine walking down a street and an individual of another color attacks you. How would you feel? Is it just pure violence? What would you have done to prevent this? Or perhaps the attack has taken place because of your own color. Medias such as movies, books, or songs, have been widely portrayed to identify the uses of racist violence. Such medias in this analysis includes a movie, â€Å"Do The Right Thing† directed by Spike Lee, a current national news report of â€Å"The Shooting of Sean Bell†, and a CBS program about the gruesome murder of Emmett Till. When racial violence occurs, individuals do take action to glorify the meaning of racial brutality to support and seriously be concerned for any violence in his or her society. The first media, â€Å"Do the Right Thing† is a movie written by Spike Lee. The main character in the film is Mookie, a young man who lives with his sister and works as a pizza delivery man for the local Sals Pizzeria. Sal, an Italian pizzeria owner has the shop for decades and has the respect for his customers. The story takes place in Bed-Stuy, Brooklyn, a black neighborhood well known for racial disputes in the plot. Some racial disputes involves with the Koreans and the three unemployed African Americans sitting by the sidewalk. These men dislike the Korean man because of his shop. Moreover, Sal and his sons are thrown off by the boycott from Buggin Out, and Radio Raheem. Until one day, Buggin Out and Radio Raheem stepped into the store and began taunting at Sal. Radio Raheem had turned his radio to the highest volume, until an angry Sal, took his bat and destroyed the radio. Soon the two men and the brothers began fighting. The fight spills onto the streets. Moments after the fight began, Mookie grabs a garbage can, screaming â€Å"HATE†, slings it through the windows of Sals. A large crowd of onlookers surrounded the area. Upon entering the store, Smiley starts a fire. The building soon burn down and Sal was out of business. In this story, there were a lot of racial attention between the African Americans and the Italians. Also, marked by the racial violence, the Koreans were also attacked with harsh discrimination. Nevertheless, we see that the impact of the racial violence affected many people. Mookie realizes how he and his fellow African Americans were treated unequally. When looking at the arrest, the police killed Radio Raheem. This illustrates an unjustified type of violence by an authority that we trusted. Onlookers from the nearby apartments came by to watch the violence. This attention brought people from around the country. Realizing how this story affects the society of today, Spike Lee indeed wrote this story to illustrate how individuals do take actions for each acts of racial violence. Furthermore, acts of support were included into the film. For example, while Mookie was talking to his sister, we see that on the wall states, â€Å"Tawana told the truth!† This was one of the allusions that were in support of a racial-related violent act. This was referred to a rape scandal that reflected among the African Americans in the nation. The second media is a newspaper article â€Å"The Shooting of Sean Bell†, by Nahal Toosi. On November 30, 2006, Sean Bell and his friends attended a bachelor party at a club in Jamaica, where the three men were shot by undercover police officers. The shooting killed Sean Bell on his wedding day and wounded two of his companions, setting a storm of outrage in New York City and across the nation. As investigators continue to approach this case, family members and relatives of Bell continued to mourn his grieve and sadden lost. Many people in the city of New York are justifiably angered by this tragedy. Clearly, this tragedy marked a serious of problems within the police department. Citizens around the city gathered together to protest the racial brutally committed by the police department. For example, the leading African American supporters Rev. Al Sharpton and Rev. Jesse Jackson led protests and engage in talks within the society to bring greater support involving the racial violent brutalities. At one point, Sharpton states how that justice must be serve, and ask questions that contradicts the cases. He also questions how the police completed 50 shots to kill a young man who was just going to be married and unarmed. Individuals gather at a Town Hall Meeting to talk about the murder of Sean Bell. The determined community came together to demand answers that will serve justice to this violent crime. This leads to greater support and shows how this violence affects many individuals, and that one or another can act together and be concerned about this situation. The third media is a CBS program, called â€Å"American Experience: The Murder of Emmett Till.† This program strongly illustrates the gruesome murder of a young black man named grocery store in Money, Mississippi. Emmett Till, a teen from Chicago, didnt understand that he had broken the unwritten laws of the Jim Crow South until three days later. Then two white men dragged him from his bed in the dead of night, beat him brutally and then shot him in the head. This violence occurs because of the boys race. In the program, the man confessed to the crime. They insisted that they wanted revenge against the boy. It was his fault that this had to happen. â€Å"Without a sense of caring, there can be no sense of community,† quoted Anthony J. D Angelo. After the murder, hundreds and perhaps thousands of mourners arrived at a Chicago funeral home to pay tribute to the young man Emmett Till. This shows how individuals actually care about this tragedy and present national attention. Emmett Tills mother Mamie opted to have an open casket funeral because she wanted everyone to see what those two men had done to her son. After the citizens of about 600,000 observed the horrific result of the racial crime, men got up who never got up before. Others became more vocal who had never been vocalized before. And the fact that this happened to a child was more extensive. Nevertheless, this act sent a powerful message that lead others to come out and think about what actually happened and how he or she can stepped out to solve it. Medias such as books, songs, novels, or TV programs have come together to portray the ideas of racial violence. But it is clear to others that many of the individuals who have seen the results of a racial brutality, have stepped up to be concerned and showed support. Individuals do take action to glorify the meaning of racial brutality to support and seriously be concerned for any violence in his or her society. 7

Illusion versus Reality in Miss Brill Essay -- Katherine Mansfield Mis

Illusion versus Reality in Miss Brill  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Is it really "okay" to talk to yourself as long as you don't talk back? Well, what if your fur piece talks back? In Katherine Mansfield's short story, "Miss Brill," it is a quickly established fact that Miss Brill has an odd relationship with her fur necklet (440). But it is the author's descriptive use of symbolism that provides a deeper understanding of Miss Brill's personality. Katherine Mansfield creates the woman in the ermine toque (441) in similarity to Miss Brill to reveal Miss Brill's identity in connection with her own fur piece and invite comparison, which further illustrates Miss Brill's perception of reality.    Introduced in the story as simply "an ermine toque" (441), Ms. Mansfield establishes the woman wearing this fur hat as a symbol that assists in defining the relationship of one-ness Miss Brill has with her own fur. Through Miss Brill's description of the woman in the ermine toque, it is clear that Miss Brill perceives the woman in connection with the fur she wears (441-442). Miss Brill compares the woman's coloring to the color of her fur by pointing out that everything, her hair, her face, even her eyes, [is] the same colour as the shabby ermine"(441). Miss Brill goes on to describe the woman's hand as being "a tiny yellowish paw" (441). And when the woman exits Miss Brill's attention, she does not walk away as a human would, but she "patters away" as a small animal might (442). Miss Brill's inability to differentiate clearly between the woman and the ermine toque she wears reinforces Miss Brill's identity in connection with her own fur. Mansfield employs this description as a techn ique to suggest the need to interpret Miss Brill from the descri... ...nly a secondary symbol, it assists in enriching our understanding of Miss Brill's peculiarities while pointing out primary symbols, like her own fur necklet. How Mansfield employs the "ermine toque" to foretell the plot of the larger story demonstrates a difference between those who interact and constructively deal with conflict and those who run away, refusing to accept the realities of life. Miss Brill, who does not interact with life, chooses to interact with her fur which, though genuine, is not alive. Instead, she chooses an imitation for her own life by "sitting in other people's lives" (440) which, though reality, cannot remain her reality.    Works Cited Mansfield, Katherine.   "Miss Brill."   Introduction to Literature: Reading,   Analyzing, and Writing. 2nd ed.   Ed. Dorothy U. Seyler and Richard   A. Wilan. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1990.   440-43.

Organizations Performance Essay

An organization’s performance is vital for their success and it is important that all employees are on board with making sure the performance is of high quality. It differs from other evaluations within the company because the performance evaluation â€Å"focuses on the organization as the primary unit of analysis† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Within an organization’s performance it helps determine the actual output or end results of an organization against the intended outputs or goals for the organization (businessdictionary.com). The product market performance is also included in an organizations performance. Some tools can help the organization change or â€Å"improve their policies on behalf of greater preparedness for the many futures ahead† (NYUWagner, 2011). Different areas and tools are used to determine the organization’s performance and how well they either are doing or how much improvement the organization needs to bring their performance up. â€Å"Organizations are constantly trying to adapt, survive, perform and influence† but that does not always mean they are successful at doing what they do (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). One way that an organization can better their performance is by conducting an organizational assessment to diagnose their current performance to see what is working and what could use a little bit of improvement. This â€Å"tool can help organizations obtain useful data on their performance, identify important factors that aid or impede their achievement of results, and situate themselves with respect to competitors† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). The main four tools for organizational performance are effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, and financial viability. â€Å"Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result† (businessdictionary.com). This means that if something is considered to be effective then it has an intended or expected outcome which is what is used in the organizations to determine if what is set in place is working effectively or if additional changes need to be made. There is sufficient reason and means with effectiveness and that is to accomplish a purpose. Without a purpose there is not an effective meaning behind conducting business or maintaining a successful organization. Effectiveness is a very good tool for organizations and managers to understand and become familiar with to be on the right track for success. Another tool that management should be familiar with and make sure the organization is doing is efficiency. Efficiency is not to be confused with effective even though sometimes they are mixed up and confused. â€Å"Efficiency describes the extent to which time, effort or cost is well used for the intended task or purpose† (businessdictionary.com). Typically efficiency is used with the specific purpose of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Relevance is a basic tool but one that can help in the success of an organization. It is â€Å"the ability to retrieve material that satisfies the needs of the user† mostly in the terms of an informational retrieval system (businessdictionary.com). Management need to have relevance in order to be successful because they need to be able to pull the necessary information from production, departments, and other sources to see if what is being produced or utilized is satisfying their requirements or not. For a business to be effective they need to â€Å"strive for the best possible economic results from the resources currently employed or available† (Drucker, 1963). Having an effective business is the key for the business to be able to grow and establish themselves as a company and within the community. Several different techniques are used to allow the business to become effective. One of the keys for successful management â€Å"is to examine the marketplace† and focus on the process of management versus the output (Drucker, 1963). When focusing on the process of management it is important for the company to look at strategy, planning and budgeting and understand the difference between each of them yet understand how each one works with each other to make it successful. â€Å"Strategy is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty† (businessdictionary.com). For a business to be successful they need to implement some sort of strategy. Strategy is important because it helps to utilize all of the resources that are available or could be available for the project at hand. Most of the time resources are usually limited and in order to achieve the goals that the company has set in place making sure the strategy is set in place will help the process flow more smoothly. â€Å"Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a position of advantage† over the opponents, or competition that is able to have flexibility instead of having to stick to any specific fixed plan. By allowing there to be slight flexibility that allows the company to try to keep an advantage over the competition and stay ahead compared to the other organizations. Planning â€Å"is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal† (businessdictionary.com). Strategy could be considered the first step and then planning would be the second step in achieving the desired goal for organizational su ccess. Planning involves the construction and maintenance of a plan. â€Å"This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan† or combination of it with other plans (NYUWagner, 2011). Planning typically combines forecasting of development with the preparation for how the organization should react to these situations. For the organization to remain successful it needs to understand the importance and relationship between planning and forecasting. â€Å"Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like† or what the future might hold for the company and â€Å"planning predicts what the future should look like† (NYUWagner, 2011). Organizations that do not understand the difference between planning and forecasting will not be as successful as the organizations that do. This is because looking at the numbers of what something might look like and what it should look like are two different ways of planning. For a business to be successful the need to focus on planning so their predictions are what the future should look like to be successful and stay on the right path. Budgets are also incorporated with strategy and planning, they all intertwine together. â€Å"A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan for a defined period of time† (businessdictionary.com). Several different factors can be associated within a budget such as sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expense, assets and liabilities, and even cash flows. The budget â€Å"expresses strategic plans of business units, organizations, activities or events in measurable terms† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). For a company to have success in their daily operations they need to make sure the stay on budget and current with all of their projects. Many organizations create a budget for each plan however they do not follow through with the budget. It is one thing to create a budget for a product and it is another thing to actually follow through with the budget and make sure everyone stays on track. If the company goes over budget then the planning and strategy process were not calculated correctly. Everyone involved within the project needs to be familiar with the strategy, plan and budget aspects to keep the organization successful and continue moving forward instead of always having to back track. It is easy to get off of track or to change the plan in the middle of the project. It is up to the organization and the team responsible for the project to keep the budget that they were assigned. Works Cited NYCWagner. (2011). Retrieved August 21, 2013, from http://www.NYCWager.com Evaluating the Performance of an Organization. (2012). Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/managing-your-business/business-ethics.html#ixzz2afud6KU0 Business Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.businessdictionary.com Ferrell. (2011). Business Ethics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kirby. (2012). Accounting Principles. McGraw. Zain, B. (2011). Strategic Management. Pittsburg: McGraw.

Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Example

Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Example Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Essay Topic: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde The Victorian era was one of strict sensibilities.   Religiosity prevailed, if only for form’s sake, and good manners were held in great esteemeven if they were only used as a public front.   Victorian hypocrisy was such that pianos were draped so that their legs would not show and while men might admire a woman’s breasts, the breast of the chicken was known only as â€Å"the white meat.†Ã‚   Many Victorians themselves were aware of this hypocrisy.   The two pieces of fiction that this paper will be used two examine reflect the hypocrisy as seen through the authors’ eyes.   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story The Minister’s Black Veil and Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde both demonstrate their authors’ awareness of how the exterior presentation of Victorian sensibilities mask the truth of the people who hide behind them. The Minister’s Black Veil The minister in Hawthorne’s story is outwardly a good and godly man.   He separates himself, however, behind a black crape veil.   The veil makes its first appearance shortly before a sermon on the subject of secret sin, and those sad mysteries which we hid from our nearest and dearest, and would fain conceal from our own consciousness (Hawthorne 27).   Hawthorne’s minister preaches about they hypocrisy of maintaining a hidden inner life and yet he hides his own inner thoughts behind his veil.   He is a hypocrite himself because he is supposed to provide his clergy with comfort, yet his veil not only [throw] its influence over his whole person, and [make] him ghost-like from head to foot (Hawthorne 28), it hangs between him and the congregation and keeping him from his job of providing them guidance and comfort.   Rather than providing them with comfort, he causes deeper gloom at a funeral and makes a wedding â€Å"dismal† (Hawthorne 30).   The revere nd can hardly be the man he wants purports himself to bea man of God and a servant to his congregationwhen he indulges himself in such a peculiar fashion.   The minister, then, represents the Victorian propensity to say the apparently proper thing and hiding a perhaps ugly truth behind an innocuous veneer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Stevenson, however, shows another side of hypocrisy.   While Hawthorne shows a bland and quiet hypocrisy that is dangerous for its ability to leave doubt about the truth, Stevenson shows the danger that comes when that hidden hypocrisy is allowed to force its way to the forefront.   Jekyll is like the minister’s veil.   He is bland and quiet, â€Å"smooth-faced,† yet with a â€Å"slyish cast† (Stevenson 12).   Jekyll is a perfect hiding place for the menacing nature that is Hyde who is that dark secret that the veil hid, the basic instinctive nature of humankind.   Hyde is truly hidden by Jekyll’s hypocrisy in his failure to acknowledge his inner demon and by Utterson’s failure to speak up when he discovers Jekyll’s secret.   Instead, he chooses to do what a proper Victorian gentleman would do in his position: he hides the unpleasantness that emanates from Jekyll’s situation in order to preserve the status quo at the cost o f the truth. Hyde is not only hidden by these men, he is also hidden by â€Å"an ivory-faced and silvery-haired old woman† whose evil face was â€Å"smoothed by hypocrisy† that is nevertheless veiled by â€Å"excellent manners† (Stevenson 16).   This woman is the truth of Victorian society unveiled.   She and Hyde are the male and female aspects of the brutal force of instinct, perversions of the bland and caring natures that Victorian society usually painted on housekeepers and doctors. Both of these stories reveal the hypocrisy of Victorian society.   Hawthorne’s minister shows the danger of hiding secrets, while Stevenson’s Hyde shows the danger of those secrets revealed.   Both, however, examine how the brutal inner force of truth can be hidden by the bland veil of deception. Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   Twice-Told Tales, Rosemary Mahoney (ed.).   New York: Random House, 2001. Stevenson, Robert Louis.   The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.   New York: Dover Thrift, 1991. nbsp;