The use of relaxation techniques to increase self-confidence and reduce performance anxiety in squash players The WritePass Journal

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay Customarily preoperative hair evacuation has been completed as skin planning technique to decrease introduction to microscopic organisms which may prompt careful site contaminations (SSI) (Gottrup et al 2005). SSIs are characterized by Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as shallow, profound entry point and organ contamination. As per Miller (2001) hair has been evacuated for such explanation as wound asepsis, appropriate position of gauzes, and access to employable site and exact estimation of wound edges. In spite of the fact that preoperative hair evacuation has been practically speaking since eighteenth century its effect on the injury site has been under dispute and along these lines pulled in the creators enthusiasm for looking for methods of hair expulsion without skin harm. Anyway there are worries that hair expulsion increments as opposed to decreases contamination, in an examination completed by Astegnau et al (2001) to recognize mortality and grimness identified with careful site disease recommended that shaving expanded the danger of disease by encouraging colonization of microscopic organisms in the working site. Numerous associations, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN2006) and Association for Perioperative Practice (AFPP2007) have moved away from hair expulsion. There is no lucidity in writing with regards to the beginning of preoperative hair expulsion, however analysts finish up to the way that the specialists of the time accepted that injuries may mend all the more rapidly if hair could be kept from getting ensnared in the stitches and twisted during conclusion (Miller et al 2001). Shaving with a razor validated the development of preoperative hair expulsion in a precise writing survey by Kjonnisken et al (2002) as a set up training dependent on supposition of forestalling careful site contamination. Some different techniques, electric section and depilatory creams have been featured as having lower postoperative injury disease rates. Hair is related with poor cleanliness propensities since it harbors microscopic organisms and evacuating it is thought to lessen careful contaminations (Kumar 2002). Hair expulsion is finished by shaving with either a razor or a scissors which are accepted to cause both noticeable and minute wounds (Briggs1997). The harm brought about by a razor or a scissors can discharge greenery giving access to serous exudates on which smaller scale creatures may develop (Small 1996). Skin is constantly a chasing ground for organisms. When the skins defensive hindrance is lessened principally by a specialists entry point, organisms can conceivably taint the injury. Loius Pasteur in affirmation of the current comprehension into the universe of disease guessed in his germ hypothesis that imperceptible microscopic organisms could cause careful contamination in the event that they picked up section through the messed up skin (Fogg 2003). A national review in 2004 recommends that careful site contaminations expands patients medical clinic remain, and builds social insurance cost by postponing wound recuperating, this causes major physical constraints and diminished personal satisfaction (Whitehouse et al 2002). On the off chance that happening after release the patient is probably going to be readmitted which is a weight to the patient and can even reason passing (Plowman 2000). Careful site contaminations happens inside 30 days after medical procedure, radiates discharge and shows one of the accompanying indications torment, restricted expanding and redness as indicated by the Center for Disease Control (1999). While once acknowledged as a standard practice for surgeries, hair evacuation is currently being considered in incredible profundity in the examination. This exposition will survey the job of hair evacuation in the perioperative setting and its effect on careful site diseases. The creator will talk about research with respect to medical attendants and specialists information on suggested rules on hair expulsion techniques, examination and timing of hair evacuation strategies and their relationship to rates of careful site contaminations. Watchwords utilized for the pursuit are preoperative skin planning, hair expulsion, preoperative razor shaving, electric cut-out, depilatory creams and careful site diseases. The databases used were CINAHL, Cochraine database of deliberate audits, Health Source Nursing and Allied Health Science. The investigations were done in USA, UK, Canada and Turkey. Hair Removal Methods Razor shaving is the least expensive and most regularly utilized hair expulsion technique (Tanner et al. 2007). Utilizing a sharp cutting edge held with the leader of the razor that is attracted to the patients skin to trim hair near the skin surface. Razor shaving increments bacterial disease rates (Basevi Lavender 2001). Another strategy involves the utilization of scissors that utilizations fine teeth to evacuate hair near the skin leaving stubble of generally one millimeter long. Heads are dispensable and handles are sanitized between patients to limit danger of cross disease (Tanner et al. 2006). A further strategy is the utilization of depilatory creams that uses synthetic compounds, which breaks down the patients hair. Cream must be in contact with the hair for between 5-20 minutes. A fix test ought to be completed 24 hours before utilizing the cream as certain patients can create unfavorably susceptible responses and some have delicate skins (Kjonnisken et al .2002). Mill operator et al. (2001) led a review study looking at all patients who experienced intracranial techniques in the last two and half years where hair was not shaved, to patients done three and half years back that were shaved, to decide if no hair evacuation increment post employable disease rate. Results were archived as minor, moderate and serious. Of the 250 subjects utilized 150 patients were not shaved and 7% created post employable injury contamination contrasted with 6.6% diseases in the shaved gathering. There was no factual importance in these discoveries however the example size is huge for a hierarchical setting anyway the finding couldn't be summed up dependent on this number. A trial study was performed on 82 patients who experienced stomach medical procedure between November 30th May 2005 to decide the impact of preoperative hair evacuation on post employable injury disease. Patients were told the point of the examination and they marked assents. Incorporation standa rds were patients who had not been hospitalized inside the most recent 30 days and didnt have contaminations while being conceded. Control bunch with 39 patients were razor shaved and on 43 for study bunch scissors were utilized. Patients were watched for indications of SSI two days post operatively and 7% of the investigation bunch created SSI contrasted with 25.6 % in the benchmark group. The outcomes are measurably critical yet the example size is little and the way that stomach medical procedures are seen dirtier than lower appendages makes discoveries difficult to sum up anyway the time span and the examination configuration used would have empowered the foundation of thoroughness for the discoveries to be solid. The examination take-up in this way will be better with an expanded example size. In spite of the fact that the most recent examinations are underwriting hair cutting (Tanner et al 2006). (Boyce Pittet 2002), additional examinations should be completed. A twofold visually impaired forthcoming examination was completed between 2000-2004 for all patients experiencing spinal medical procedure (Celik et al. 2007 ) to decide the impact of razor shaving and expanded pace of postoperative site contamination contrasted with no hair expulsion. The shaved gathering comprised of 371 subjects and the unshaved gathering involved 418 subjects. Patients were completely educated about the investigation and assents acquired. The subjects were haphazardly apportioned by pre-careful shaving status. Prohibition rules included patients with skin conditions skin inflammation, furuncle and sebaceous pimple, patients with dietary lack and ailments like diabetes and disease. Same skin arrangements were done in the two gatherings. The two subjects got prophylactic anti-toxins. Postoperatively, the two gatherings were watched for indications of contamination redness growing and purulent release and bloods taken to check erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Disease was higher in the shaved gathering (p=.01) 4 patients in a shaved gathering (1.07%) created contamination and in just 1 patient in the unshaved gathering (0.23%). The discoveries recommend that preoperative hair evacuation increments postoperative contaminations. This examination was morally affirmed and both system and point were clear and succinct. These all affirm its unwavering quality anyway giving anti-microbials during methodology may veil the outcomes making the examination be problematic. A randomized control study was directed by (Menendez et al. 2004) planning to survey the impacts of preoperative shaving of pubic hair on postoperative bacterium after urological medical procedure. An example size of 300 patients was utilized. 149 patients were shaved and 151 were not shaved. In the two gatherings pee tests were taken for culture before being given prophylactic anti-toxin and again at multi week before the catheter was expelled. In the shaved gathering 19.5% created contamination when contrasted with 16.6% in the non-shaved gathering. The thing that matters was seen not as measurably huge. The outcomes depended on testing pee tests than in the injuries making the examination invalid. There is no clearness about moral contemplations and if the point and reason for the examination was disclosed to the subjects and whether the assent got was educated. The prophylactic organization of the anti-infection agents makes the examination to be temperamental and not substantial . In Cochraine coordinated effort survey information Tanner et al. (2007) directed eleven randomized controlled preliminaries to assess the impacts of routine preoperative hair expulsion with razor rather than no hair evacuation in postoperative disease. The creators inferred that there is no adequate proof to demonstrate that hair evacuation causes an expanded danger of careful site diseases. Anyway the investigation proposed the utilization of scissors or depilatory cream when important to expel hair with a thought that the two strategies brings about less careful site contaminations. Correlation of hair expulsion strategies Trussell et al. (2008) led a thirty n

Narrative Essay Sample - How to Get a Sad Ending

Narrative Essay Sample - How to Get a Sad EndingThe most important factor when writing a narrative essay sample is to ensure that it flows well. In order to create the best possible conclusion, it is important to think about the ending and the beginning of the story, as this will help ensure that the story flows in the way that is desired.Begin the ending of the story at the beginning. By doing this, you will have more control over the flow of the narrative, meaning that you will be able to determine the length of the opening and the conclusion. A good example of a beginning that ends well would be one where the main character has been injured.Effective storytelling will always start with an incident or set of events that are beginning to affect the lives of the characters. Using the introduction to offer insight into the main character's emotions is a great way to begin the narrative. This will make the reader feel that they are privy to the details of the character's life and will add a personal touch to the essay.Another good example of a beginning that ends well would be one where the main character has gone through a series of hardships and is suffering from a disease. In this case, the beginning of the narrative will revolve around how the character deals with these struggles and their eventual victory. In order to conclude the story on a happy note, it is important to give a short and sweet summary of what it was like to experience the events leading up to the end of the story.Good story telling does not have to be done solely through the use of dialogue and description. By creating an effective scene, it will help set the tone for the story and will add depth to the story being told.Not all scenes are created equal, though, and many people will have different tastes. It is important to remember that some scenes are better than others and some scenes should be avoided. One example of a scene that is not suitable for a sad ending is when a character tells of his/her torture and then attempts to solve the problem at hand.When writing a tragic story, the ending must be as perfunctory as possible, as this will show that the author does not care enough about the character to fully understand the character and their plight. It is therefore important to know the length of time that the character has been in the story before the end of the chapter.There are several other ways to achieve a successful sad ending to a narrative essay. This includes including flashbacks, using subplots, using multiple viewpoints, and even using hints and innuendos to bring about a happy ending. With a little creativity, you can ensure that the story is a success, with or without a sad ending.

The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire 1300 to 1924

Repressed Memories - 5487 Words

â€Å"Repressed memories are a figment of the imagination†. Critically discuss this statement. The concept of repression – which is the bone of contention between those who believe in the mission of recovery therapy and those who denounce it – presumes a peculiar power of the mind (Loftus and Ketchum, 1994). The current dispute regarding the existence of repression has mainly focused on whether people remember or forget trauma. Repression, however, is a multidimensional construct, which, in addition to the memory aspect, consists of pathogenic effects on adjustment and the unconscious (Rofe ´, 2008). The challenges of memory recovery have not escaped judicial attention. Courts have increasingly found repressed memory testimony to be†¦show more content†¦Psychoanalytic theory maintains that repressed memories are preserved for an indefinite period of time, and can be recovered in their original form through hypnosis and psychoanalytic therapy (McNally, 2003). This concept has been challenged, particularly around the manner in which retrieval happens. Ferracuti, Cannoni, De-Carolis, Gonella, and Lazzari (2002) argue that retrieval through hypnosis can yield confabulations (such as memories from previous lives). Gardner (2004) argues that psychodynamic therapists can place patients at risk for developing false memories. The notion of false memory has gained some clinical validation (Kaplan and Manicavasagar, 2001), increasing skepticism regarding the authenticity of recovered repressed memories. Ganaway (1989) proposed that if memories are not authentic, they could be due t o fantasy, illusion, or hallucination-mediated screen memories, internally derived as a defense mechanism. Furthermore, memories combine a mixture of borrowed ideas, characters, myths, and accounts from exogenous sources with idiosyncratic internal beliefs. These inauthentic memories could be externally derived as a result of unintentional implantation of suggestion by a therapist. Advocates of repression used clinical cases indicating that child abuse victims may become amnesic of their trauma and that therapeutic interventions may generate a genuine recollection of their repressed trauma (Brenneis, 2000; Cheit, 1998; Kluft,Show MoreRelatedElizabeth Loftus and Repressed Memories2121 Words   |  9 PagesElizabeth F. Loftus: The Reality of Repressed Memories Alyssa Ellis Killebrew 11/9/2010 Elizabeth Loftus Brief Biography Childhood amp; Personal Recollections Elizabeth (fondly known as Beth) Fishman Loftus parents met and married while stationed at Fort Ord, during World War II. Sidney Fishman, Elizabeth’s father, was an Army doctor and her mother, Rebecca was an army base librarian. Beth was the oldest of three children. 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Memory repression is thought by some to be a defense mechanism of the brain in the event of extreme distress. The memory of the event is pushed back into the corners of the unconscious, and is only recovered after a longRead MoreRepressed Memories And Other Memories Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesFrom what I remember that night it had been like any other. Repressed memories and such. I had been mom’s helper in the kitchen and dad’s little grease monkey in the garage. It was nice being the happy family, everyone would imagine us to be. Mom and dad were paid well and known around town for being the kind hearted Argo’s with the perfect life. No one would have had a second thought about anyone wanting us dead for any sort of reason. I was 5 when all hell had broken loose in my house and my lifeRead MoreThe Dem on Lover By Elizabeth Bowen894 Words   |  4 Pagesone woman s introspective psychological journey to face suppressed memories of her past. Externally, Mrs. Drover is described as a â€Å"prosaic† woman whose normal expression was that of â€Å"controlled worry, but of assent† . She seems like a typical ordinary middle-aged woman who is the mother of multiple children, married and is currently living in the country. Internally, Mrs. Drover was a woman suffering and scarred by a repressed emotional trauma. Mrs. Drover’s journey into her old house representsRead MoreThe First Golden Age Of Television1278 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional advances from anyone. Later during the show, Bezzerides goes undercover at a sex party to find evidence towards who killed the corrupt city official. During the process of being groomed to enter, she is forced to ingest MDMA. A repressed childhood memory surfaces during advances by an older male. It is a bearded face of a man, wh o stayed at her father’s spiritual retreat when she was a child. This man called her pretty and lured in into his VW van to proceed to sexually abused her for twoRead MoreEssay on Character Analysis: Stew1979 Words   |  8 Pagesdislike. â€Å"Tiny, Smiling Daddy† is told in the third person limited point of view through the father, Stew. This point of view is vital to our understanding of events, in that the progression of the story evolves only through Stew’s recollection of memories giving a very limited perspective. Using this style of writing puts a lens, so to speak, on how the reader is going to read the story, there are no outside details from other characters that Gaitskill gives us to help us understand, it is only throughRead MoreThe Accuracy And Validity Of Autobiographical Memory Among Individuals Who Have Experienced Childhood Sexual Abuse ( Csa )1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe accuracy and validity of autobiographical memory among individuals who have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been questioned since these experiences are highly emotional and traumatic. Some individuals may believe that recovered memories through the use of therapy or spontaneously may be recalled in an e ffort to gain money in a court case or seek revenge against an individual. In order to examine whether this statement of a disbelief in the accounts of individual’s experience withRead MoreCognitive Psychology False Memory Essay2269 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: False Memory Theoretical and Applied/Practical Perspective of False Memory The human memory is subject to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and creation of false memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first determine what is â€Å"False memory†? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an area ofRead MoreEssay on Decay Theory in STM and Theory of Duration in STM820 Words   |  4 Pagesstate as when they first learnt the information. Godwin (1969) investigated the effect of alcohol on recall and found individuals were better able to recall information learnt when drunk if they were drunk. Other drugs seem to affect memory similarly. Bower (1981) however found that the same principle applied to mood did not have such a convincing effect but only a tendency to produce State-Dependent Retrieval.SPANSTYLE=COLOR:RED 3. Thirdly, recall may be by the

New Learning And Clinical Reasoning Cycle †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the New Learning And Clinical Reasoning Cycle. Answer: While reflecting on the process and new learning from the clinical reasoning cycle by Levett-Jones et al. (2010), there were many emotional and intellectual responses throughout. The case scenario made me realize that I need to consider my learning needs on the needle phobia and develop my communication skills so that patients overcome their phobia. The incident took place when I was placed in the mental health ward and was asked to take blood from a patient named John who is anxious in nature. As I approached for the bedside consent and prepared myself for the procedure, he declared that he was needle phobic. I said him that I am experienced at taking blood and might explain the whole procedure, however, he was not convinced and at the last minute, he ripped his arm away as the needle touched his skin. The positive approach during the whole incident was that I stayed calm and composed. John apologized, insisted me to try again. I was in peace and tried a new technique by making him listened to music. However, the technique did not work and as there was urgency for the test, I contacted the doctor and assured John that if he needs anything, the doctor would be around. Finally, keeping the urgency in mind, I informed in-charge nurse that I was unable to get the sample by trying reasonable techniques. After the incident, I realized that I failed to make connection with John as I lacked communication skills and unable to obtain the blood sample. It did not work well as I lacked techniques that helped to overcome needle phobia and so need to look for best practices and techniques. I was feeling distressed and disappointed. I also need to enhance my professional communication skills so that I act in a better way and do differently when I encounter such situation in the future. In mental health, effective communication is an essential skill as identified byNursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) required by mental health nurses. It is important that the nurses should build rapport and develop therapeutic relationships, as it is not instinct for everyone. It is important to exercise and encourage reflection that help to develop communication skills while practicing reflection-in action (Ellis 2016). If I were able to establish rapport with John through interpersonal communication skills, he would have agreed for the blood test. While gaining insight from the incident, I realized that I should have communicated with my colleagues regarding the techniques and that might have helped me in obtaining the blood sample. Interpersonal communication is required that help to improve patient satisfaction levels and their adherence to the diagnosis and treatment. After the incident, I communicated with my peers as it can help me promote learning. When I consulte d with my peers regarding the incident, I realized that I have to acquire new skills as well as construct understanding on how to talk and collaborate in learning bets practices on needle phobia. If I would have consulted my peers, I would have been able to solve and handle the situation in a better way by building on their knowledge, asking questions and get suggesting ideas that would have helped me in convincing John for obtaining the blood sample. The social interactions with the colleagues have a positive motivation effect where I gained an insight that I have to enhance my communication skills with the patients so that they overcome their fear and anxiety. After this, I looked for the best practice techniques in the literature and the communication skills that can help patients to overcome needle phobia in the future. The most effective technique for overcoming needle phobia is systematic desensitization and behavioural exposure. According to Iglesias and Iglesias (2013) for the treatment of phobias and anxiety, systemic desensitization is used where the phobic individuals are exposed to situations and through repetition and practice, the anxiety provoking power is gradually lost. For the behavioural exposure method, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) can be used for injection phobia treatment. The management of negative thoughts that lead to anxious situations can be dealt using this intervention (Hofmann et al. 2012). As John mentioned that, the site of blood and withdrawing technique makes him anxious and sick, the anxiety management strategy would have been useful instead of convincing him verbally. The breathing exercises like relaxation technique would have helped him alleviating the anxiety symptoms (Leichsenring et al. 2013). With this technique, the patient overcome fear and phobia by ge tting engaged in relaxation exercise and gradually getting exposed to anxiety-producing stimulus (needle). Creation of trusting dialogue through effective communication with the patient helps to reduce anxiety. It enhances patients self-efficacy and ability to overcome fear and be soothing in the present moment. An important step is to ask the patients about their concerns and feelings regarding needle phobia. Empathetic communication is important to be sensitive and understand the feelings of the patients (Tregoning, 2015). Interpersonal communication skills are important in mental health for developing the capacity to transform and enrichment of patient experiences. Good communication skills help to overcome resistance by providing an appropriate environment and establishing a therapeutic relationship with the patient. According to Peplaus interpersonal theory, empowerment is important for the individuals that provide confidence and strength to overcome their fears (Deane and Fain 2016). At times, anxiety impairs the communication process and therefore, as a nurse, one should attempt to alleviate the anxiety symptoms that help in overcoming the barrier to effective communication. In the case scenario, I should have not given any false assurance to the patient saying that I am experienced in drawing blood and the patient is safe. This acted as a conversation stopper that led to the anxiety and unwillingness of John in sharing his concerns, thoughts and fears to me. I need to develop my active listening skills to understand the underlying feelings and fear of the patient regarding the needle phobia (Cunico et al. 2012). It also helps to gain trust and interpersonal communication can be established. Therefore, while reflecting on the incident, I ensure to consider these learning needs while helping needle phobic patients in the near future. References Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O. and Meneghini, A.M., 2012. Developing empathy innursing students: a cohort longitudinal study.Journal of clinical nursing,21(13-14), pp.2016-2025. Deane, W.H. and Fain, J.A., 2016. Incorporating Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations to Promote Holistic Communication Between Older Adults and Nursing Students.Journal of Holistic Nursing,34(1), pp.35-41. Ellis, P., 2016.Evidence-based practice in nursing. Learning Matters. Hofmann, S.G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I.J., Sawyer, A.T. and Fang, A., 2012. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses.Cognitive therapy and research,36(5), pp.427-440. Iglesias, A. and Iglesias, A., 2013. I-95 Phobia treated with hypnotic systematic desensitization: A case report.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis,56(2), pp.143-151. Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M.E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., Huesing, J., Joraschky, P., Nolting, B., Poehlmann, K. and Ritter, V., 2013. Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.American Journal of Psychiatry,170(7), pp.759-767. Levett-Jones, T., Sundin, D., Bagnall, M., Hague, K., Schumann, W., Taylor, C. and Wink, J., 2010. Learning to think like a nurse.HNE Handover: For Nurses and Midwives,3(1). Tregoning, C., 2015. Communication skills and enhancing clinical practice through reflective learning: a case study.British Journal of Healthcare Assistants,9(2).

The British and US State

During the interwar period, the traditional concept of propaganda was changed with the idea of the national projection as an approach representing the state in the international arena in the context of public diplomacy. The lessons of World War I made nations revise their way of looking at cultural propaganda and the role of the national and international image of the state to influence its position in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The British and US State-Funded National Projection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this context, it is essential to compare and contrast the approaches of Britain and the United States toward developing their state-funded cultural propaganda or national projection. In spite of the fact that both Britain and the United States revised the approach to propaganda during the interwar period, these countries followed different strategies related to the national projection, and Britain focused more on democratic tools when the United States paid attention to a particular type of isolationism and internal communications. After World War I, the British authorities concentrated on the idea that the political propaganda had negative consequences, as this practice was rather manipulative in its nature. This opinion was developed during almost two decades. However, in this period, Britain admitted the necessity of creating an international image while allowing foreign nations to know the truth about Britain. Thus, the national projection as a way to make other countries learn about the nation and its cultural background was rather democratic in its nature because the British authorities rejected the need for using aggressive and manipulative techniques. From this point, the image of Britain should have been based on truth and facts broadcasted with the help of the BBC as the main channel of information. The use of democratic tools for the state-funded projec tion meant that the authorities did not use unreasonable or unfair approaches to creating the image of the state during the interwar period.  Focuses on the accurate content of the news and on broadcasting, as well as the slight shift in the public policy in contrast to the secret policy, were typical for the early stage of the interwar period. That was the period of using such democratic tools as the English language teaching and the active cultural propaganda. The goal of the British authorities was to demonstrate advantages of the democratic institutions and principles developing in the state. However, in 1938, the international understanding of Britain was not enough to state the world position and to unite the forces of allies against the developing fascism and its principles. Thus, politicians and diplomats saw that the used democratic measures typical for Britain in the field of public diplomacy and foreign policy were rather ineffective, and they needed to be strengthened with the focus on promotion of activities of such agencies as the Tourist Association and the British Council. The Tourist Association was one of the essential organizations to promote propaganda as the element of the national projection.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The British Council was used as the useful tool for addressing the problem of fascism in Europe and for developing the cultural propaganda appropriate for the democratic course of the British authorities.  The way made by the United States to the development of the pattern of national projection was rather different from the way chosen by the British authorities. The US leaders had the experience of following a rather aggressive policy of propaganda during World War I, but this pattern was changed during the interwar period. The focus was on more slight measures in order to promote cultural values with the help of such mass-produced goods as broadcasting channels and films. This strategy was selected as an alternative to the previous aggressive scenario followed by the Committee on Public Information in the country. The United States also began to focus on expanding channels for internal communications while following the strategy of isolationism rather than concentrating on the national projection overseas. As a result, the scenario of using traditional aggressive ways of propaganda in the international arena was changed with the policy of the cultural propaganda that was oriented to creating particular opinions in Americans, rather than about Americans in other nations. The emphasis was made on strengthening the American’s opinion regarding their power and values. Still, the patterns of the aggressive and rather hostile propaganda remained influential for the development of the US new approach to the national projection. In order to support the image of the United States, it was necessary to focus more on improving the information policy and on expanding the private agencies for cultural propaganda. As a result, only the most effective instruments of propaganda were selected for the cultural projection. It is possible to state that the methods used in the United States regarding the propaganda differed significantly from tools used by the British authorities. The reason is states’ orientations. When Britain was discussed as oriented to the national projection and to the creation of the country’s positive image, the United States paid attention to strengthening the internal propaganda while ignoring the oversea propaganda. On the one hand, both Britain and the United States aimed to respond to the threat of fascism with the help of cultural and political propaganda tools. On the other hand, the followed approaches were different, and they reflected the currents moods of politicians in terms of development of public diplomacy principles. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The British and US State-Funded National Projection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the courses of Britain and the United States towards the national projection were different, both states understood the critical role of the media for the effective propaganda. Broadcasting was used as one of the critical tools to inform and persuade the public according to the needs of the concrete nation’s information policy. During the period of 1935-1938, the media of both Britain and the United States began to present the more aggressive propaganda as the part of the national policies on projection and response to the threats of fascism and totalitarianism. This period was the time when nations began to refer to rearmament ideas and to the extensive black propaganda in spite of patterns and strategies followed previously. It is important to note that the national projection p layed the critical role in developing the images of countries in the international arena during the interwar period. However, such states as Britain and the United States followed two different courses while developing their principles of public policy. If Britain aimed to proclaim the democratic patterns and rules with the focus on the active cultural propaganda, the United States discussed the elements of the political propaganda and internal communications as more effective means. Moreover, the United States realized the principles of the national projection in a less direct way, while ignoring formal propaganda, but proposing mass products as the elements of cultural propaganda widely. This essay on The British and US State-Funded National Projection was written and submitted by user Mia Sharp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Collective Security

Should the Concert of Europe be viewed as an example of collective security? The Napoleonic Wars, lasting from 1789 until 1815, were unlike any previously fought on continental Europe. For the first time, it was fought between nations and not just the ruling elites of each state . In addition, the terrible toll in lives lost and damage done was of a previously unthinkable scale. When, therefore, Napoleon was defeated and France was restored to its original (pre-Revolutionary) frontiers, the Great Powers of Europe sought to create a system between them that would ensure a lasting peace. This system came to be known as the Concert of Europe, and acted to sustain a viable peace from 1815 until the Crimean War in 1848. This essay discusses whether this system acted in a way consistent with the theory of Collective Security. This essay will begin by discussing the theoretical framework of Collective Security, its key principles and objectives. Following this, a look at the structure of the Concert of Europe will show its theoretical incompatibility with Collec tive Security doctrine. The two systems show two clearly different approaches to power among states, and the principles of Collective Security are not the same as those of the concert. Thirdly, it will be shown how the Concert acted in practice, not in line with collective security, but with balance-of-power, the system that theorists of Collective Security attempt to replace. Nevertheless, the following section of this essay will show how some of the key participants in the Concert of Europe, particularly Metternich of Austria, did sometimes act with collective security, rather than balance of power, in mind, and that many of the Concerts techniques seem at odds with traditional balance of power logic. Thus, the theory of ‘Concert collective security’, put forward to explain this discrepancy, will be explained and examined. This will lead to the conclusion that, while t... Free Essays on Collective Security Free Essays on Collective Security Should the Concert of Europe be viewed as an example of collective security? The Napoleonic Wars, lasting from 1789 until 1815, were unlike any previously fought on continental Europe. For the first time, it was fought between nations and not just the ruling elites of each state . In addition, the terrible toll in lives lost and damage done was of a previously unthinkable scale. When, therefore, Napoleon was defeated and France was restored to its original (pre-Revolutionary) frontiers, the Great Powers of Europe sought to create a system between them that would ensure a lasting peace. This system came to be known as the Concert of Europe, and acted to sustain a viable peace from 1815 until the Crimean War in 1848. This essay discusses whether this system acted in a way consistent with the theory of Collective Security. This essay will begin by discussing the theoretical framework of Collective Security, its key principles and objectives. Following this, a look at the structure of the Concert of Europe will show its theoretical incompatibility with Collec tive Security doctrine. The two systems show two clearly different approaches to power among states, and the principles of Collective Security are not the same as those of the concert. Thirdly, it will be shown how the Concert acted in practice, not in line with collective security, but with balance-of-power, the system that theorists of Collective Security attempt to replace. Nevertheless, the following section of this essay will show how some of the key participants in the Concert of Europe, particularly Metternich of Austria, did sometimes act with collective security, rather than balance of power, in mind, and that many of the Concerts techniques seem at odds with traditional balance of power logic. Thus, the theory of ‘Concert collective security’, put forward to explain this discrepancy, will be explained and examined. This will lead to the conclusion that, while t...

Book Review The Official SAT Study Guide, 2020 Edition

Book Review The Official SAT Study Guide, 2020 Edition SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board recently published a new versionof The Official SAT Study Guide (2020 edition). What’s the book like? Is it helpful? In this review, I’ll break down the strengths and weaknesses of this newest edition of the official guide, discuss how students feel about it, and tell you whether it’s ultimately worth buying. Should You Buy theOfficial SAT Study Guide? While the Blue Book (as it was called by students)used to be the must-have source for SAT prep, The Official SAT Study Guide,2020 Edition, is mostly not worth purchasing. The book in its entirety - including its eight practice tests - is available for free online, so don't waste your money buying the book. Why did the College Board release this edition for free?It’s part of the College Board's attempts to make the SAT more accessible and to reduce SAT inequality based on socioeconomic background.This is a wonderful move by the College Board, but it now means buying the book is a complete waste of money. If you have the time, is it worth reading The Official SAT Study Guide, 2020 Edition, free online?Yes and no.The eight practice tests from the book (which are all available online for free)are absolutely crucial to your SAT prep. However, the book doesn’t provide you with details of how to score your practice test; you have to go online to do that, rendering the book useless. If you can’t even score your tests using the book, why buy it? Also, the educational material other than the practice tests doesn’t give much helpful test insight or strategy.The educational material just provides surface-level details about the test.It doesn’t teach you the content needed for the SAT.There are far better, more in-depth SAT study guides out there including the free ones that we’ve written: check out our Reading, Math, and Writing study guides. The educational material also mostly just tells you to go learn more on the Khan Academy SAT prep site, which is free for anyone to access, regardless of whether you purchased the book. Strengths The strengths of the books are very limited: Eight College Board practice tests are pre-printed for you, so you don't need to spend money printing them yourself (including two, Practice Tests 9 and 10, that are not yet available on collegeboard.org) You can recycle the book (AKAuse it for kindling in your bonfire or use it for a paper machà © project). Weaknesses Unfortunately, there are many: The entire book is available for free online (including two extra practice tests not included in the book!) The book doesn’t provide you with scoring information for your practice tests; you have to go online to get the information. The book only provides surface-level descriptions of each section and doesn’t offer instructional material, so you can’t actually learn skills and content from the book. There are no content lessons, so if you’re, say, struggling with geometry questions, you won’t get any assistance from this book; you’d need to seek additional help. Just taking SAT practice tests without a method of learning from your mistakes will not help you improve. The book sadly offers no guidance on how to learn from your mistakes or how to study content. How Students Feel About theOfficial SAT Study Guide 2020 If you don’t believe me, check out how other people feel about it.On Amazon, the book is currently rated 4.3 out of 5 stars, with 69% percent of raters giving it 4 or 5 stars (remember, it's still full of official practice problems!). That said, the 2016 edition of the book (which contained fewer practice tests and was also available for free online) has several hundred more reviewers. Of these reviewers, 82 percent gave it 4 or 5 stars, and 7 percent gave it 1 star: The 1-star reviewers of both editions of the official guide generally agreed with my feeling that the book was a waste of money, noting that everything in the book is available online for free. The 5-star reviewers, on the other hand, generally felt that although the material is available for free online, the book was worth the money since it’s a hassle to print out the practice tests. HowYou Should Use the Official SAT Guide I recommend that no students buy the book, but all students should be using the free practice tests available online. I don’t think any student needs to read the additional information included in this guide.The information is superficial yet difficult to parse: it discusses the types of question and content covered without giving many, if any, examples.We’ve created better free guides forReading, Math, and Writing. If you’re a worrywart (like me) and are stressed that you don’t know everything you can about the test, then go ahead and read the extra material for free online.You should be able to read all of it fairly quickly.As I said, it’s pretty sparse and superficial. However,reading this book alone will not prepare you for SAT success.You need to review your SAT practice tests to learn from your mistakes.You should also do in-depth content review of subjects you don’t know well or might've forgotten, such as systems of equations or semicolons. You still need to study! What SAT Prep Material Should You Use? Now that you know not to buy this book and to print the free practice tests from the College Board website, what other resources should you use to help you prep for the SAT? First, I recommend our free SAT study guides forReading, Math, and Writing. As I mentioned before, these guides are all available here on our blog at no cost to you. If you find yourself still struggling to improve after taking a few practice tests and using our free guides,consider using a highly rated SAT prep book, hiring a tutor, or enrolling in an online program. Whatever option you choose, make sure the program is specialized to you.You want a program that will identify your strengths and weaknesses so you can improve your weak areas as well as your SAT score. What’s Next? Studying for the new SAT? Check out our complete guide to test changes and our ultimate SAT study guide. Looking for extra help? Check out our guide to the best SAT prep books. Trying to decide whether to hire a tutor or do an online prep course? We can help. Getting ready to apply to college? Unsure of where you want to go? Check out our guide to finding your target school and how to find out what your target SAT score should be. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Methodology of Writing a Persuasive Essay Assignment

Methodology of Writing a Persuasive Essay - Assignment Example While writing a persuasive essay it is necessary to put forward the strongest points that support your ideas, explaining your view with strong facts. Moreover, design the introduction in a way that attracts the reader’s attention and provides sufficient information on the topic. The paragraph must end with the statement that clearly defines the main idea or point of view. Divide an essay into different paragraphs and make sure that each paragraph supports the main idea. You should provide each paragraph with various examples and evidence that prove the argument. After making the supporting points, write a paragraph that precisely explains and disapproves the opposing idea. Once it is done, then move ahead towards the conclusion. In conclusion, reaffirm the main idea and points that are been made in support to the main idea. A conclusion should reflect the succession as well as the significance of the argument. Make a strong point in conclusion that will leave the audience conn ected and persuaded to the topic.  

Are Small Cap Stocks Influenced Similarly and by the Same Economic Essay

Are Small Cap Stocks Influenced Similarly and by the Same Economic Indicators as Large Cap Stocks An Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The study used monthly data from 1974 to 1989 for macroeconomic indicators and for the Fed monetary policy (as independent variables) and used 39 portfolios of 10 value weighted stocks from large cap and small cap categories (as dependent variables) to study the volatility in stock return. They found that 32% of the stock market return volatility could be explained by the monetary policy which is similar to the finding of Chang, Yeung, & Yip. (2000) below that macroeconomic indicators do not fully explain the stock market movements. It was also found that 96% of the cases showed that a tightening of the monetary policy (reduced money supply) reduced stock returns. Further, the study found that while both small and large firms were harmed by the disinflationary monetary policy, only large firms benefited from expansionary monetary policy. The study illuminates the bibliographic topic by making a distinction between small and large cap stocks and the difference in effect of macroeconom ic indicators on different stock categories. The authors at the time of the study were Doctoral Students at the University of Pennsylvania. They studied the impact of a set of 21 economic indicators and followed a regression analysis approach to identify whether economic indicators could explain the stock market movements from 1997 to 1999.... They first started with testing for correlation between the economic indicators and excluded some of them based on the statistical correlation. For the remaining indicators, they developed a multiple linear regression model to explain the stock price. They found that even after multiple regressions and excluding the insignificant variables, the resulting regression model could not fully explain the stock market movements. This finding is in line with that of Thorbecke and Coppock (1995) above. This study is of importance for the current research as I intend to use a similar methodology for multiple regression on 9 economic indicators in the US that this study found to be statistically significant in their regression model. Vygodina, A. V. (2006). Effects of size and international exposure of the US firms on the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. Global Finance Journal 17 , 214-23. The author at the time of the study was a Professor at the Department of Finance, CBA , California State University at Sacramento. The research was aimed at studying whether the changes in exchange rates have a difference in impact on the stock prices based on the size of a firm. The methodology used was to conduct a Granger Causality test to verify the causality from large cap and small cap stocks to the exchange rate. The Granger Causality test was used in the study as it statistically tests whether one time series causes movements in another time series. It was found that while there did exist a statistically significant Granger Causality from large-caps to the exchange rate, there was no causality from small caps. The study also noted that the as both variables are significantly affected by the federal monetary policy and that the nature of relationship

An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue :: Philosophy Essays

An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue Inwardly examining his own nature, man would prefer to see himself as a virtuously courageous being designed in the image of a divine supernatural force. Not to say that the true nature of man is a complete beast, he does posses, like many other creatures admirable traits. As author Matt Ridley examines the nature of man in his work The Origins of Virtue, both the selfish and altruistic sides of man are explored. Upon making an honest and accurate assessment of his character, it seems evident that man is not such a creature divinely set apart from the trappings of selfishness and immorality. Rather than put man at either extreme it seems more accurate to describe man as a creature whose tendency is to look out for himself first, as a means of survival. It is true that on many levels humans act in a cooperative way to benefit all-- but does that warrant a claim that man is genetically altruistic? Perhaps the reasoning behind his actions would lead to another view. As Ridley examines man's dependency upon others in his species, it becomes apparent that man is not necessarily a savage beast out to do everyone in, but rather a lone creature trying to ensure his survival. In comparing man as the lone hunter to the cooperative being he is today it is evident that his species has thrived and survived with much greater ease in a cooperative society as opposed to a lone hunter. Though it can be easily argued that this cooperation between man, is at some level a sort of mutual altruism, it may better be understood as a selfish means of survival. The saying goes that "there is safety in numbers, " this could not be more true for man's plight. Because alone man stands little chance of perpetuating his genes, he flocks to the community wher e he has the better chance of survival, as do his genes. So to better understand the reasoning behind man's need to be in the community it is imperative to look at nature. In the wild and brutal game of life the only measure of true success is whether genes are passed on. Like any other animal this measure of success measures man's success too. For all creatures, to survive is the chance at continuing a gene line, and it is this necessity to continue the line that is innately imbedded in man and all other creatures. An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue :: Philosophy Essays An Analysis of Matt Ridley’s The Origins of Virtue Inwardly examining his own nature, man would prefer to see himself as a virtuously courageous being designed in the image of a divine supernatural force. Not to say that the true nature of man is a complete beast, he does posses, like many other creatures admirable traits. As author Matt Ridley examines the nature of man in his work The Origins of Virtue, both the selfish and altruistic sides of man are explored. Upon making an honest and accurate assessment of his character, it seems evident that man is not such a creature divinely set apart from the trappings of selfishness and immorality. Rather than put man at either extreme it seems more accurate to describe man as a creature whose tendency is to look out for himself first, as a means of survival. It is true that on many levels humans act in a cooperative way to benefit all-- but does that warrant a claim that man is genetically altruistic? Perhaps the reasoning behind his actions would lead to another view. As Ridley examines man's dependency upon others in his species, it becomes apparent that man is not necessarily a savage beast out to do everyone in, but rather a lone creature trying to ensure his survival. In comparing man as the lone hunter to the cooperative being he is today it is evident that his species has thrived and survived with much greater ease in a cooperative society as opposed to a lone hunter. Though it can be easily argued that this cooperation between man, is at some level a sort of mutual altruism, it may better be understood as a selfish means of survival. The saying goes that "there is safety in numbers, " this could not be more true for man's plight. Because alone man stands little chance of perpetuating his genes, he flocks to the community wher e he has the better chance of survival, as do his genes. So to better understand the reasoning behind man's need to be in the community it is imperative to look at nature. In the wild and brutal game of life the only measure of true success is whether genes are passed on. Like any other animal this measure of success measures man's success too. For all creatures, to survive is the chance at continuing a gene line, and it is this necessity to continue the line that is innately imbedded in man and all other creatures.

Criminal Justice Process Essay

Generally speaking, the concept of the legal system can often seem very complex, confusing, and intimidating. However, to assist in comprehending the system, the state of Kansas has defined a sequence of events in processing criminal cases where each action encompasses a specific function. Whether it is the police officer who investigates the crime, the prosecutor who must gather the facts for action, the defendant who must obtain a lawyer and prove their case, or the judge and jury who determine the fate of the offender; having a basic understanding of the law is imperative in protecting individual rights. Within this paper I will discuss the Kansas state criminal justice process and the multifaceted decisions that ensure justice is provided to all. Although the Kansas criminal law process is disclosed, it still may be difficult for an individual to navigate through the system alone. Therefore, once a person is taken into custody, he/she should immediately seek counsel to assist in the legal process. The first step in the criminal process is the investigation by law enforcement before an arrest is made. Moreover, an investigation of a said crime may be initiated in many ways. For instance, it could be as simple as an officer who witnesses a vehicle speeding or something that requires a more collective effort such as a 911 call from a bystander. An officer may speak to only one person or it may involve multiple witnesses being interviewed where evidence may be gathered over time. If an officer believes that there is enough evidence of a crime, he/she can try to obtain a search warrant. This process includes a judge who will review the information and approve/disapprove the warrant based on probable cause. Probable cause, as it applies to a search, is the facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that evidence is in a particular place (Wright, 2013). After law enforcement has conducted their investigation, a criminal arrest will transpire. A person may or may not be aware that they will be taken into custody, but in either situation, it is important for that individual to obtain the representation of an experienced defense lawyer as soon as possible. An arrest is defined as a seizure of a person and/or deprivation of his/her personal liberty by a legal authority or under legal authority (Gale, 2002). In Kansas, an officer of the law may arrest a person for the following reasons: a warrant  commanding that person to be arrested; has probable cause to believe that a warrant for the person’s arrest has been issued in this state or in another jurisdiction for a felony committed therein; has probable cause to believe that the person is committing or has committed felony (KSA, 2009). No matter where or when an interrogation occurs, the person in custody (deprived of his or her freedom of action in any significant way), must be read their Miranda rights if the suspect’s answers are to be used as evidence at a trial (Merriam-Webster, 1996). A Miranda warning is not required if a person is not in police custody; however, anything the person says can still be used at trial if the person is later charged with a crime. This exception most often happens when the police stop someone on the street to question him/her about a recent crime and the person blurts out a confession before the police have an opportunity to deliver the warning. Therefore, it is critical that a person in custody does not answer the police/detective’s questions without having a lawyer present. This will ensure the individual’s rights under the Fifth Amendment are protected and they do not make any self-incriminating statements. Kansas divides crimes into two categories: felonies and misdemeanors. A felony crime can be defined as a crime that results in incarceration of one year or more in jail or prison (Wright, 2013). The state of Kansas has four types of felony convictions: drug felonies, non-drug felonies, off grid felonies and non-grid felonies. Drug felonies are related to the possession, use, manufacture, and the sale of illegal drugs. Off grid felonies, which frequently have a life time sentence, are typically related to murder and certain child sex crimes. While, non grid felonies are usually related to domestic battery or felony driving under the influence. Once the suspect is arrested, a defense attorney is assigned to the person if the individual cannot afford one. A defense attorney is a lawyer who advises, represents, and acts for the defendant in a legal proceeding or for the offender in post-conviction proceedings (Gale, 2002). A defense attorney appears with the defendant at the arraignment where the defendant will plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. If the defendant pleads not guilty, the defense attorney then represents his/her client during the various stages of the trial process. During the pre-trail stage, the defense counsel’s investigation should begin its own inquiry by interviewing witnesses,  obtaining police reports, and reviewing other documents. (Gale, 2002). Additionally, any exculpatory evidence that the prosecutor discovers which is helpful to the defendant must be given to the defense attorney. It is during this stage that the defense attorney assesses the strength of the prosecutor’s case and advises the client as to the possible outcomes. If it would be useful in the defense effort, the defense counsel could hire a private investigator in an effort to collect evidence in support of the case or to discredit elements of the prosecution’s case. While the defense attorney is collecting evidence to help the client from being convicted, the prosecutor initiates his/her own effort on the criminal actions against the alleged person who has committed the offense. A prosecutor can be defined as a lawyer employed by the state who seeks to obtain a conviction in a court against the defendant (Gale, 2002). After the police investigators have filed the paper work for the arrest, the prosecutor will review the paper work and apply the appropriate Kansas laws to determine if the person that has been arrested should be formally charged with a crime. Unfortunately, this period can last a few days, weeks, or months. The most serious crimes in Kansas, such has murder and terrorism, have no statute of limitations. Statutes of limitations are federal and state laws that set out time periods within which a certain type of civil or criminal action must be brought or the right to bring the action will be lost (Gale, 2002). This law is to ensure the defendant has a fair chance to rebut the claim. Since Kansas does not set a time period for murder and terrorism, this does not violate the due process of the Fourteenth Amendment. The prosecutor will continue to examine the files and he/she may contact the police and request that additional inquiries are conducted. During this time, it may be possible to convince the prosecutor not to file charges or to request a lesser charge. After a charge is filed, the number of court appearances may vary depending on the type of case. A court appearance can be defined as the act of coming to court to defend or prosecute a case and to enter an appearance to register with a court that a defendant intends to defend an action (Black, 2007). â€Å"The first court appearance is known as an arraignment in the state of Kansas. An arraignment is a hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case. When a court arraigns a person, the identity of the defendant is established, and the defendant is  informed of the charge and his or her constitutional and statutory rights. Bail can also be set at arraignment. The defendant is required to enter a plea, which distinguishes an arraignment from a defendant’s first appearance, where all other matters may be raised† (Gale, 2002). The arraignment process in felony cases cannot take place unless the prosecutor has prepared a written set of charges. In the state of Kansas, the prosecutor is required to convene a grand jury before charging a defendant with a serious crime. After the suspect is convicted of the crime, a sentencing process is started. On July 1, 1993, the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act was developed to assist in determining felony sentencing through a grid system. For this reason, Kansas law uses the following two primary factors to determine the punishment of a convicted felon: the severity level of the crime and the defendant’s criminal history. Sentencing is the penalty imposed by a court upon a person convicted of a crime. The types of sentences include capital punishment, imprisonment, fines, restitution, and probation (Gale, 2002). Since the 1980s, sentencing guidelines started utilizing a point system based on the criminal offense and the criminal history of the defendant. A higher number results in a more severe criminal sanction. Additionally, judges have little or no discretion to depart from these guidelines (Gale, 2002). Thus, sentencing guidelines that Kansas has established provide practitioners in the criminal justice system with an overview of presumptive felony sentences. The juncture of the severity level of the crime of conviction and the offender’s criminal history category is the presumed sentence (KSA, 2012). Once a person is convicted of a felony, either by pleading guilty or being found guilty at trial, the judge will order a pre-sentence investigation and receive a report from the probation office. This report will advise the judge of the severity level of the crime, which grid it is on, drug or non-drug, and the defendant’s criminal history. In Kansas, the sentencing grid is how the judge determines the sentencing of a felony conviction. Nevertheless, not all crimes will fit on the grid. Thus, the sentencing for those crimes is individually outlined by the legislature. The majority of the felony crimes in Kansas fall on the sentencing grid, where the criminal history and the severity level of the crime aid the judge in determining the sentence. Non-drug and drug are two grids on the sentencing range. The  non-drug grid contains ten severity levels of offenses that range from theft to rape and murder. A level one offense represents a significant transgression while a level ten represents the least serious of the crimes. The drug grid contains four levels of offenses encompassing possession, distribution, manufacturing and cultivation of controlled substances. Similar to the non-drug grid, a level one offense is a severe crime and a level four represents a minimum wrongdoing. After the judge or court reviews the drug or non drug grid, the next step is to look at the criminal history of the accused. Criminal history in Kansas is classified as â€Å"A† through â€Å"I†, depending on a person’s past criminal history (KSA, 2012). A criminal history score of â€Å"A† is the highest criminal history score and would likely be assigned to a person with three or more personal felonies. A criminal history score of â€Å"I† is the lowest criminal history score and would be allocated to an individual with only one misdemeanor conviction or no criminal history. Within each grid box there are three numbers which represent months of imprisonment. These three numbers provide the judge or court with a range for sentencing. The sentencing judge or court then has the discretion to sentence within these parameters. The middle number in the grid box is the average number that is intended to be the appropriate sentence time for a typical case. The upper and lower numbers should be used for cases involving aggravating or mitigating factors sufficient to warrant a departure. The sentencing judge or court may increase the length of a sentence up to double the duration within the grid box (KSA, 2012). The judge or court may also depart downward to lower the duration of a presumptive sentence. Moreover, the judge or court can impose a dispositional departure by electing to implement a sentence of prison to probation or probation to prison. Once the criminal history and the severity level of the offense are determined, the grids will dictate the sentencing range and disposition for the judge or court. For example, rape in Kansas is a severity level one felony. If the defendant has no prior criminal record, then the crime is punishable by 147, 155, or 165 months in prison. If the same crime was particularly cruel or violent, the judge may impose the aggravated sentence of 165 months in prison. A defendant with an â€Å"A† level criminal history who is convicted of a particularly brutal rape could face up to 653 months in prison. After the judge or court  has reviewed the grid and all the files for the case, sentencing can be deliberated. By Kansas law, judges or the court must impose a sentence shown in the appropriate grid box unless substantial and compelling reasons exist to depart from the sentences. The sentencing judge or court should consider all available alternatives in determining the appropriate sentence for each offender. The sentencing guidelines seek to establish equity among like offenders in similar case scenarios. Rehabilitative measures are still an integral part of the corrections process, and criminal justice professionals continue efforts to reestablish offenders within communities (KSA, 2012). The guidelines do not prohibit sentencing courts from departing from the prescribed sentence in atypical cases. The sentencing court is free to choose an appropriate sentence, or combination of sentences, for each case (KSA, 2012). In 2008, Kansas changed its sentencing guidelines by implementing a no downward dispositional departure for any crime of extreme sexual violence. A downward durational departure can be allowed for any crime of extreme sexual violence to no less than fifty percent of the center of the grid range of the sentence for such crime. Does the Kansas judge or court have to follow the guidelines in the grid box? The answer is no. The judge can deviate from the presumptive range within the box; however, in order for him/her to do so, there must be a substantial and compelling reason. This means, a specific fact should either illustrate that this case is either worse than typical for this type of crime, justifying a longer sentence, or better than typical for this kind of offense, justifying a shorter sentence. As long as the judge stays in the box, the sentence cannot be appealed. A conviction could be appealed, but not the sentence. Judges typically do not depart, either shorter or longer, unless both the prosecution and the defense agree that he/she should. In order for a judge to depart upward to a longer sentence than contained in the box, he/she must usually have a jury finding of the extraordinary fact justifying the longer sentence. In Kansas, the legislature has designated convictions as presumptive probation, presumptive prison, and border box. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a presumptive probation offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is entitled to a contract of probation. The defendant, on the other hand, could serve the underlying sentence if he/she violates the terms and  conditions of the probation contract. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a presumptive prison offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is not entitled to a contract of probation and must serve the underlying sentence. A defendant can avoid prison, only if, the court formally deviates from the sentencing guidelines by finding considerable and convincing reasons to grant probation. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a border box offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is not entitled to a contract of probation and must serve the underlying sentence. However, the court is allowed to grant probation at the request or agreement of the parties as long as the court is satisfied that a program is available to the defendant that will ensure community safety interests by promoting the defendant’s rehabilitation and reducing the likelihood of recidivism. There are special rules which could deprive a defendant of his/her presumption of probation and in turn can allow the judge to sentence him/her to prison. An example would be if the crime occurred while the defendant was already on probation or on bond for another crime. These special rules must be taken into consideration when determining what a judge might do at the time of sentencing. In conclusion, Kansas has established a concrete criminal law process that can be directly correlated to its own state legislation. The system provides reasonable and comprehensible guidelines for all to follow in the service of justice. The law is enforced to protect individuals; however, being aware of your fundamental rights is a personal responsibility. If you are stopped, questioned, arrested or searched by federal, state or local law enforcement officers, the most common approach should always be to ask for an attorney. Inevitably, the law is there to sustain the status quo, to protect property, vested rights, and established relationships. An ordered society cannot survive without some type of legal system, even if it is just one simple rule. In the end, the legal system is the only procedure which can guarantee that all human rights are respected. 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The United States Economy And The Optimism Of The American...

The United States Economy and the Optimism of the American People The U.S. economy appears to be on track for a sustainable recovery from one of the biggest economic problems in history, the Great Recession. Unemployment and inflation are both down from where they had been and things have shifted towards recovery. Inflation is likely to remain in an acceptable zone, but policymakers must be vigilant concerning inflation expectations. Employment has recovered slowly but surely as well. Uncertainty/Fear appears to be growing among American, particularly with the unrest in the Middle East, but studies are showing that faith in economists (and the Fed leaders) among citizens is growing rapidly. Due to the uncertainty, flexibility is†¦show more content†¦Thanks to his efforts and those of many others, our economy is significantly stronger today and continues to improve. As mentioned, the U.S. economy has seen a positive shift in the last few years. According to Janet Yelle n (the Chairman of the Fed), the private sector has created 7.8 million jobs since the post-crisis low for employment in 2010. Additionally, housing seems to have turned a corner in which construction, home prices are all up significantly, and as I mentioned earlier, housing was a large sector that was impacted during the Great Recession and the loss was staggering (The U.S. Economy). Another area that we are seeing tremendous growth is within the auto industry. The auto industry has made an incredible comeback with domestic production and sales back to near pre Great Recession levels. Our economy today is showing the unemployment levels down from a peak of ten percent, and has reached the point of full employment once again. According to Jared Bernstein of the New York Times, Last month the national unemployment rate fell from 5.9 to 5.8 percent thus showing that we are back to full employment according to what I have been taught in class, though I am finding some dispute over what numbers should be considered full employment. Nevertheless, our economy is showing a real growth in helping fellow Americans get back to work. In addition to unemployment decreasing we are also seeing a decrease in inflation. AccordingShow MoreRelatedAmerica s Age Of Hope1541 Words   |  7 Pagesto 1989 was a period in the United States which spurred hope for the economy and in the spirits of the people. The 1980’s were a decade of the American people standing together in tragedy and rejoicing with each other in victory. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the decade and an age of an oppression overseas. America cheered for the freedom of her brothers and sisters in Germany. 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