William Douglas s Enlightened Sexism The Seductive...

I. Bibliographic Reference Douglas, S. J. (2010). Enlightened sexism. New York City, New York: Times Books. II. Author’s Background (about 1 paragraph) Susan Douglas is a woman herself, she has gone through the experience that many women have to go through. Because she, herself, is a woman, she is able to speak upon the subject with experience. She knows what she is talking about when it comes to women stereotypes. She is also a feminist academic, columnist, and focuses her writing on gender issues, media criticism and American politics. Since she is knowledgeable on the subject, she is able to challenge other’s thinking and opinions on the subject. III. Primary Issue Explored (about 1 – 2 paragraphs) In Susan Douglas’ Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done, Susan discusses the issues within feminism. Feminism is said to something of the past, however there are vast differences between men and women. Enlightened sexism, as Douglas defines it, is a sexism that is much more subtle and a sexism in which on the surface, the media represents women in a positions of power, yet the media is simply covering the actuality of the matter. So, is the work of feminist really over, or has it just began? IV. Author’s Conclusion/Position (about 1 – 2 paragraphs) Susan Douglas’ Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done tries to diminish the divide between the image the media and other outlets try to put out there and the realityShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

No Ordinary Time By Doris Kearns Goodwin - 1320 Words

â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) said this famous quote at his first inaugural address, when he took one of the most important jobs in the world, becoming the president of the United States. He then went on to do what no other president had done before―be elected for more than two terms. The people elected Franklin for four consecutive terms during one of the nation’s hardest times, and he and his wife helped pull the nation to its feet. This period of World War II is captured in the biography No Ordinary Time: Franklin Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II by Doris Kearns Goodwin. The author uses countless interviews to piece together the perspective of the home front from†¦show more content†¦However, Roosevelt’s support and vitality to the nation in the time of peril won him a third term in 1940, despite criticism by isolationists and the risky move to initiate the first peaceti me draft in United States history. After receiving a very important letter from Winston Churchill concerning American aid and dreaming of an ingenious solution, Roosevelt called for America to become the â€Å"arsenal for democracy† (Goodwin 195), and emphasized the lend-lease program as an alternative to war. At the end of 1941, Congress was painfully slow to set up defense against the Axis, but FDR insightfully waited for the right moment. On December 7, the Japanese launched a massive surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, and Roosevelt did exactly what the people wanted―he declared war on the Axis powers and ramped up war production. Through the progression of the war, Roosevelt was on good terms with Stalin, however he became fantastic friends with Churchill. Occasionally, Franklin took business trips around the country to the various auto manufacturers that had been converted to production lines for the war effort. He knew his visits boosted productivity as well as mor ale, so he enjoyed them, especially when workers shouted his name with glee. Late in 1942, civilian support for the war dropped with a decrease in morale. Franklin knew just the right move, and launched an invasion of North Africa thatShow MoreRelatedNo Ordinary Time By Doris Kearns Goodwin1688 Words   |  7 PagesDoris Kearns Goodwin’s biographical novel delves deep into the personal lives of the Roosevelts. From their meetings with world leaders to problems in their marriage concerning infidelity, nothing is left unsaid. The historical novel starts with Roosevelt sitting in his bedroom, contemplating the end of the phony war that occurred before the official beginning of World War II. The novel continues with Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s attempts to aid overseas Allies while trying to prepare his own countryRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt s Life Of Wealth And Privilege1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Plain, ordinary Mrs. Roosevelt† Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 in New York City to socialites Elliot Bulloch Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall. She was born into a world of immense wealth and privilege that she didn’t really fit into or understand. Her mother died in 1892 and after a long battle with alcoholism, her father leapt to his death from a sanitarium window in 1894. After so much death at a young age, Eleanor was prone to bouts of melancholy and depression throughout her life. AfterRead MoreWar and the Centralization of Power Essays2049 Words   |  9 Pagesand education were substantial† (Trattner 89). President Abraham Lincoln would come under fire for many of his war time policies, the biggest: Emancipation Proclamation and the suspension writ of habeas corpus. Although arguably justified, these acts gave President Lincoln the name of tyrant for these powers were not explicitly laid out in the Constitution (Goodwin 355). During this time of war, President Lincoln assumed multiple â€Å"war powers† as commander in chief, in doing so he began to define theRead MoreThe Heroes Of Abraham Lincoln2389 Words   |  10 PagesLiterature B4 4/27/2015 American Hero Many admire presidents as their heroes for the great power they possess. However, in my opinion, a hero is built by his or her characteristics. Abraham Lincoln was known to be a shining star in American History at time of darkness. He was courageous; when segregation, slavery, racism dominated the social trend it was him that pushed against all the odds and united the nation. He was confident; when facing military disadvantages and doubts from his own generals, it

How to Break Bad Habits Free Essays

I believe that Study abroad is a really challenge in life. if you have a plan to study abroad, u should prepare everything carefully. first, u should learn how to stand on your own feet, learn the ways take care of yourself, such as learn to cook, tidy up. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Break Bad Habits or any similar topic only for you Order Now second, u need prepare your knowledge of geography, culture, politics of the country u will go, it will help in falling in line with foreign land. Third, u should come with opening your mind and your heart to face with everything, making friends with someone will help u feel more confident. Finually, u should keep in touch with ur family and your friends through Skype, Yahoo Messenger or Facebook so that won’t feel lonely. study abroad really difficult, but I think that u will go over and will get satisfactory results. I believe that studying abroad is really a challenge in life. if you plan to study abroad, u should prepare everything carefully. first, u should learn how to stand on your own feet, learn the ways to take care of yourself, such as learning how to cook and to tidy up. econd, u need to prepare your knowledge of the geography, culture, and politics of the country u will go to, it will help in falling in line with foreign land. Third, u should come with opening your mind and your heart to face with everything, making friends with someone will help u feel more confident. Finally, u should keep in touch with ur family and your friends through Skype, Yahoo Messenger or Facebook so that won’t feel lonely. studying abroad is really difficult, but I think that u will go over and will get satisfactory results. —- How to cite How to Break Bad Habits, Papers

Pricing of Covered Warrants in Equity Markets Empirical Evidence

Question: Discuss about the Pricing of Covered Warrants in a Thin and Developed Equity Markets Empirical Evidence. Answer: Introduction A new type of financial instrument in the year 1998, was introduced to the market of Italy known as covered warrants. Approximately 3500 issues at the end of 2002 were listed covered warrant market. The covered warrant allows the holders to sell or purchases of currency and equities from the issuer at a specific time and price. The diffusion of the covered warrants is due to its simplicity of use and its use as the substitutes of the derivatives (Besley, 2016). The investors have joined the world of derivatives and purchasing the covered warrants which are the financial instruments that derives their values from the performances of other assets such as stock exchanges indices, shares, interest rates, currencies, and commodities. Distinctions between covered warrants, equity warrant, equity option The covered warrant is referred to a type of warrant that allows the holders to sell or purchase a specific amount of currency and equities from the issuer. The equity warrant is the instruments that give the right to the holder to purchase the stocks at a predetermined price. The buyer of the warrants needs to make the upfront payment to gain the right to the warrants issuer. The equity options have the powers to protect, diversify or develop the share portfolio because it can be used regardless of conditions of the share market (Britton and Waterston, 2013). Covered warrants Equity warrant Equity option Covered warrants are the security options that are issued by the third party. Covered warrants work in a similar way to the options contracts that allows the private investors to carry out trade in the prices of assets such as currencies, global indices, equities, and commodities. The covered warrants generate a return if the prices of the underlying assets have increased above the strike price before the maturity date. The warrants are issued by the way of the preferential allotment to institutional investors, promoters and other investors. Equity warrants protect the participants of the market from the defaulting counterparties and provide the hedging opportunities. The equity warrants are not the equity shares because they do not carry any voting or dividend rights. It is issued by the organization during the period of financing in order to purchase the security. The equity options are commonly used by the market participants which includes investors seeking exposure to movements of the shares for a fraction of the cost of an actual share. Traders and brokers can access the options listed on the stock exchange through a technology platform that offers dual options structure of the market. The equity option allows the regulators to gain the exposure to the share price movements for less than the actual share cost. Issuing warrants The organizations issue warrants in order to raise funds to meet the needs of the business operations and expanding its operations. The companies can also sell the stocks and regulated by the securities and exchange commission. Some organizations issue the warrants to crystalize the deal during a restructuring or takeover. Warrants are considered as an investment for an organization to offer (Duguid, 2017). The warrants provide the investors a wide opportunity for high returns and also has a higher risk. Thus, the company issues warrant to increase their funds and expand their business operations. Warrants, like the options, provides the buyer the right to purchase the stocks. Types of investment warrant Warrants are of different types, and the stock warrants can be put and call warrants. Call warrants: The call warrants give the right to the investors to purchase the underlying stocks. The put warrants give the right to the investors to sell their underlying stock. The former presents specific numbers of shares that can be purchased at a specific price from the issuer (Helbk, Lindset and McLellan, 2010). The latter present certain amount of equities that can be sold back at a specific price to the issuer. Covered warrants: The covered warrant has the underlying backings. Beforehand, the issuer can purchase the stocks. The index warrants us used as an underlying asset as the index warrant. Traditional warrants: The traditional warrants are being issued in conjunction with the bond. The buyer is given the right to purchase the stock of the organization (Welch, 2014). Naked warrants: The naked warrant is issued without the bond and a traditional warrant is traded on the stock exchange (Powers and Needles, 2012). The naked warrant is also known as the covered warrants. Benefits, and disadvantages of issuing warrants The issuing of warrants provides a wide opportunity to the companies to raise their funds and expand their business operations. The advantages and disadvantages of issuing warrants are as follows: Benefits of issuing warrants The warrants can be transferrable and it tends to be more attractive for long term and short term investment plans. Warrants are considered as a high return investment technique. They are an attractive option for hedgers and speculators (Rahman, 2015). The company uses the warrants to increase the funds and invest into core activities. It allows balanced financing between equity and debt. Disadvantages Because of the leverage, gearing and lower price, it offers high risk. They can be exercised when the company has to need for increasing more capital (Steele, 2009). When the warrants are exercised, then it will result in the dilution of the common stock that in turns lower the price of the stock in the market. Conclusion The warrants are issued by the companies in order to expand the business operations. The investors purchase the warrants and high risk associated with it. The stock warrants give the holders the rights but not the obligations to purchase the underlying the security at a certain price. The companies issue the share, and it is purchased by the investors. References Besley, S. (2016).Corporate finance. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Britton, A. and Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. DUGUID, C. (2017).STOCK EXCHANGE. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. Helbk, M., Lindset, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Powers, M. and Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Steele, J. (2009).The Market. New York: Disney/Hyperion Books. Welch, I. (2014).Corporate finance. Los Angeles: Ivo Welch.

Leadership in Management

Leadership is a management aspect that organizations should practice to achieve organizational goals. Leadership refers to the ability of a person to influence others to follow him or her willingly. Leadership involves establishing a clear vision and sharing that vision with others who are willing to follow (Burns 23). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leader provides the necessary information, knowledge, and methods to achieve the stipulated vision. In addition, the leader coordinates and balances the conflicting interests of all members involved in the group. A leader can act and solve a crisis that may arise in the course of work. Unlike management, leadership flows from the core of a personality. Coaching or mentoring is useful in enhancing leadership. This paper describes the different styles of leadership that different leaders embrace in organiza tions. The transformational leadership style is all about communicating change to the members of an organization. A leader using this style would like to see change in him/herself, others, groups and organizations. The leader in this case has a vision that he sells to people. The leader is energetic, dynamic and enthusiastic in achieving the vision. Martin Luther king is an example of a transformational leader. In general, a transformational leader begins with developing a vision that will stimulate and convert potential followers. Then the leader uses his energy and commitment to sell the vision constantly to potential followers. In conjunction with selling the vision, the leader has to find the way forward. Finally, the leader has to lead the charge. This involves remaining central to the vision and standing up to take the responsibility on behalf of the team. The participative leadership style involves the leader allowing members of the group to take part in the decision-making. The leader gives instructions only after consulting with the group. Members are able to perform better because they take part in deciding the tasks (Burns 45). Involving team members motivates the m to work and perform in achieving the organization’s goals. A leader that practices this style is effective in winning the employees to his or her side. However, this style of leadership may consume much of the leader’s time as he consults from the members. Another leadership style is the level 5 style of leadership. It involves a leader that gets the best people in the organization to perform. The leader in this situation gets ideas for new directions from other people that are the best in the organization. A level 5 leader is humble and relies on instilling inspired standards on others instead of instilling charisma. These leaders put the interest of the organization first before their own because they would like success for the overall firm. Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They assume responsibility for poor results and when the organization succeeds, these leaders give credit to other people (Burns 100). A level 5 leader aims at producing long-term results for the company and building an enduring eminent organization. Level 5 leadership is a contemporary version of participative leadership that most chief executives are embracing to improve performance. In conclusion, leadership is essential in achieving success in the organization. It is less about the leader’s needs and more about the needs of the followers and the organization. An organization can adopt different styles of leadership depending on the specified demands of the situation. The best leadership style is one that enables the organization to achieve its goals. Work Cited Burns, James. Leadership. New York: Harper Row, 1978. This essay on Leadership in Management was written and submitted by user Jamir Dudley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Distinctive Voices Notes Essay Example

Distinctive Voices Notes Essay Example Distinctive Voices Notes Essay Distinctive Voices Notes Essay The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender Claudia Valentine Androgynous/masculine – â€Å"good looking blonde in there too† Erudite – Reference to Archimedes when in the bath Flippant – â€Å"One of the former and 2 of the latter. † Referring to husband and kids when asked aboutthem Judgemental – â€Å"Piss-stained pants† I woke up feeling like death. I didnt recall issuing the invitation but I must have. Terminal Illness. My legs are my best weapon. the smell was there, the smell of intrusion. I felt sympathy for her but it was too late. The old boys network had begun. And meeting an angel had certainly brightened up my day. an ash-tray: full and a bottle of Jack Daniels, empty They looked like cops, or hired muscle. But in Sydney, money buys status. Crime figures who are, themselves, respectable businessmen. I  dont carry a gun like some of my more cowboy colleagues.    Funeral processions have disappeared from the stre ets of Sydney. No,  I said, matching her word for word The clink of balls hitting together in the pool-room, and not just the balls on the table.   The BMW guys, fat cats (the rich) surfer guys conversation dropped to the ground like pebbles as white as porcelain.   A face that could launch ships. Harry Lavender Confident – â€Å"I am famous, a legend in my time† Formal – No colloquialisms used in his writings â€Å"my schooling had been interrupted by the historybeing created in Europe† Oh yes, they will remember. Tangled in the sticky threads of love they falter. Its growth and mine are inexorably linked. the veins, the road like veins, the transport of deadly cargo, the bloodstream of the citys body. My address in the city is The Beehive. In the world of the hive deviation is not tolerated. Repetition of The motherboard. Technology is light years ahead of ethics. The motherboard could last forever but the casement of flesh is crumbling I stand on top of my city. We cannot help but create in our own image. All artefacts are mirrors. City The unpredictable child had started off sunny, then clouds had frowned across her forehead. Its centre was a dark feotid substance. Shed grown strong, like a mushroom on a dung heap.

Example from your personal experience in applying critical thinking to Assignment

Example from your personal experience in applying critical thinking to a work-related decision - Assignment Example The ability to think critically fairly depends on one’s experiences in various environmental situations in life (Inch, 2001). It is therefore not possible to define it in measurable terms due to the fact that every person has a certain level of knowledge and experiences that enable them to think critically and as such it may be true to say that acquiring the skills is a lifelong activity. Due to its importance, most colleges and universities are taking the responsibility of empowering their students with the professional skills of thinking critically (Browne, 2000). As such students are given tasks related to a certain activity based on someone else’s judgment or thinking so that they can evaluate the facts and sense of such decisions and come up with a viable conclusion on the same. The students are expected to think from their own perspectives as well as that of the initiator of the argument, with the help of information they have on similar decisions probably by quot ing from past events that are related to the issues at hand. A good critical thinker is required to have among other characteristics, the ability to challenge decisions by raising vital questions, which are well formulated and precise (Browne, 2000). By doing so, arguments are raised and if the person proposing a decision fails to answer the questions as expected, then he would be required to accept that his is not the best. However, when formulating those questions, it is vital to base them on facts that can be proved and he should also have an alternative plan in mind in order for him to be able to convince the other parties involved. If the questions are answered properly, and the initiator of the discussion manages to defend his plans, then the result would be that his would be the best alternative to adopt. This implies that a critical thinker should be a person who faces challenges with an open mind and therefore should not approach them with

Software Development Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software Development Life Cycle - Essay Example The processes are going to be employed in a database system required for the London Olympics expected to take place in the near future. The most essential part in Software De3velopment Cycle is defining of the required data; obtaining and clearly indicating the objectives to be carried out (Dhunna & Dixt 2010: 129). To be able to define the objectives and activities taking place during the event, it is required of the analyst to find the data from the organizers. The organizers of the London Olympics are grouped to form the London Olympics Games Organizing Committee (LOGOC). There are many methods that are used in fact finding or gathering. The main methods include questionnaires, interviews, observations, and record inspection. The different methods are employed in certain situations for optimum data gathering (Dhunna & Dixt 2010: 129). The data is defined to be collected from the London Olympic Games organizing Committee. The most effective method in collecting data from the group is through interview. This is because the LOGOC comprises a small group of people; the management team comprises of persons less than thirty. There are two structures in interviews; open and closed structure. The two structures differ in the questions asked during the interview. There are also two type of interview; face to face and group interview (Dennis, Wixom & Roth 2008: 43). The most essential type of interview is the face to face or one on one or personal interview. It gives an opportunity to varied opinion on the same issue hence deeper understanding of the requirements. The interview would employ the closed structure at its initial stages then after the structured questions are responded to, I would employ the open ended structure to ensure that I attain extra information on some data. The information to be attained in the interview include the type of data; the information of athletes that is stored, the types of sports, the arrangements on how the events are to occur, the organizations past information and challenges that the system needs to address (Dhunna & Dixt 2010: 132). The steps to conducting the interview are carried out strategically as they appear; planning, creating the questions, determining the order of conducting the interview and the information consolidating process (Fettke & Loos 2006: 119). The advantages associated with the interview process include easy framing of questions with objective to attain different set of answers, use of the observable non-verbal communication from the interviewee, immediate response, and there is a high response rate (Marshall & Bruno 2009: 221). The interview method therefore offers detailed facts from the outlined advantages. Despite having advantages that are beneficial, the method of use has disadvantages which include time consuming due to the personal conversation with the interviewee, location of respondents may cause inefficiency, it is costly, it brings an interrogative phenomenon to the inter viewee who may decide to control the information she/he gives. The method is also dependent on the interviewer’s perception (Zendler 1997: 21). There are various ways though through which these disadvantages may be overcome. The proximity effect may be controlled by use of video conferencing. The interviewer may be given a warm feeling by the interviewer to avoid the grill or summon view of the interview pro

Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management - Research Paper Example Studies show that, a cost-benefit analysis is used by organizations to carry out evaluation of the total projected costs in a project concerning the expected overall benefits; in view of the viability of the proposed implementation project. costs unit entry extended Implementation process planning Hours 260 11,245 Labor contract Dollars 16000 16,000 Internal implementation labor Hours 900 38,925 Input/ capital cost Dollars 16000 16,000 Implementation cost 82,170 proceeding Operational costs Dollars/Month 1100 1,100 Maintenance cost Dollars/Month 1300 1,300 Proceeding/ongoing monthly costs 2,400 Remunerated implementation cost 1,600 Monthly cost $4,000 For an organization, which is considering the implementation of an ‘outsourcing payroll service system’, the direct revenue enhancement and cost reductions will involve increase in employee productivity. This is because the employees have now the time to focus on many productive activities, which is essence, will improve pr ofitability for the company. Concerning cost reduction, the other direct way to reduce cost is avoidance of the IRS penalties. These forfeits may come because of improper bookkeeping and outflows. Through the outsourcing services, many companies may greatly avoid such penalties; the income heightening can be reduced basing on the organizational expenses. This is where the outsourcing services allow employees to launch reimbursement claims over the internet or online, which more beneficial and time is saving. On the other hand, indirect revenue enhancement may involve the process of building brands in other countries; brand extension. In essence, this may be a case where the outsourced company uses and features the partner company`s logo branding; this allows the company to show case the company name and the logo in all customer and employee accessed pages. The best technology employment is one of the indirect methods of cost reduction. It could profit trivial industries, with less e xpertise fortes. To this end, there are risks associated with the implementation of a new payroll system in an organization. According to findings, any implementation process carries with it some degree of risks. This calls for a risk plan to be included in the implementation process. In most cases, the focus of registers has been on the technology; its functionality and the influence its failure may create on the overall project. The common risks associated with new payroll systems is, the repercussions when the system fails to deliver a live operation by a particular time the perceived contingence plan in place. The other risk is the change impact of organizational and political consequences associated with the movement from an old payroll model or system to the new system where the HR responsibility becomes more neglected. To address these risks, studies indicate that, most new systems are designed while employing best practice model. This requires great responsibility for system s and their ownership within the human resource; this allows the transfer of data being processed within the human resource payroll department, however, its working, majorly relies on the project requirements. It is only significant then to consider how to manage the interface process involving two parts of one organization with different requirements. In has been found that, in situations where there exists integrated systems, which have not been part of the operational culture or life of the human resource

Examining The Concept Of Hindu Law Religion Essay

Examining The Concept Of Hindu Law Religion Essay The phrase source of law has several connotations. It may be the authority which issues rules of conduct which are recognized by Courts as binding. In this context, source of law means the maker of law. It may mean the social conditions which inspires the making of law for the governance of the conditions. In this context it means cause of law. It may also mean in its literal sense the material from which the rules and laws are known. In this sense the expression means the evidence of law and it is in this sense that the expression source of law is accepted in Jurisprudence. Vijnaneshwar (commentator on the Yajnavalkya Smriti and founder of Mitakshara School) has called it Jnapak Hetu i.e., the means of knowing law. It is important to study the sources of law because in every personal legal system only that rule is law which has place in its sources. A rule not laid down or not recognized in the sources is not a rule in that legal system. The word Hindu first appeared in the  Old Persian  language which was derived from the  Sanskrit  word  Sindhu, the historic local designation for the  Indus River  in the north-western part of the  Indian subcontinent. A Hindu is an adherent of Hinduism. Hindu law is a set of personal laws governing the social conditions of Hindus (such as marriage and divorce, adoption, inheritance, minority and guardianship, family matters, etc.). It is not Hindus alone who must follow Hindu law but there are several other communities and religious denominations that are subject to its dominion such as Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, Brahmo-Samajists, Prarthana-Samajists, the Virashaivas and Lingayats and the Santhals of Chhota Nagpur besides others. In Sir Dinshah F.Mullas Principles of Hindu Law, the learned editor has defined Hindu law in the following words: Wherever the laws of India admit operation of a personal law, the rights and obligations of a Hindu are determined by Hindu law, i.e. his traditional law, sometimes called the law of his religion, subject to the exception that any part of that law may be modified or abrogated by statute. Law as understood by Hindus is a branch of dharma. Nature and scope: In the article project, the scope will be restricted to finding out the sources of Hindu law, and critique on some of the definitional aspects of the sources and a general critique of the sources. Sources of Hindu Law The sources of Hindu law can be classified under the following two heads: Ancient Sources Under this would come the following: Shruti Smriti Digests and Commentaries and Custom. Modern Sources Under this head would come: Justice, equity and good conscience Precedent, and Legislation. Ancient Sources Shruti- It literally means that which has been heard. The word is derived from the root shru which means to hear. In theory, it is the primary and paramount source of Hindu law and is believed to be the language of the divine revelation through the sages. The synonym of shruti is veda. It is derived from the root vid meaning to know. The term Veda is based on the tradition that they are the repository of all knowledge. There are four Vedas namely, Rig Veda (containing hymns in Sanskrit to be recited by the chief priest), Yajurva Veda (containing formulas to be recited by the officiating priest), Sama Veda (containing verses to be chanted by seers) and Atharva Veda (containing a collection of spells and incantations, stories, predictions, apotropaic charms and some speculative hymns). Each Veda has three parts viz. Sanhita (which consists mainly of the hymns), Brahmin (tells us our duties and means of performing them) and Upanishad (containing the essence of these duties). The shrutis include the Vedas along with their components. Smritis- The word Smriti is derived from the root smri meaning to remember. Traditionally, Smritis contain those portions of the Shrutis which the sages forgot in their original form and the idea whereby they wrote in their own language with the help of their memory. Thus, the basis of the Smritis is Shrutis but they are human works. There are two kinds of Smritis viz. Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. Their subject matter is almost the same. The difference is that the Dharmasutras are written in prose, in short maxims (Sutras) and the Dharmashastras are composed in poetry (Shlokas). However, occasionally, we find Shlokas in Dharmasutras and Sutras in the Dharmashastras. In a narrow sense, the word Smriti is used to denote the poetical Dharmashastras. The number of Smriti writers is almost impossible to determine but some of the noted Smriti writers enumerated by Yajnavalkya (sage from Mithila and a major figure in the Upanishads) are Manu, Atri, Vishnu, Harita, Yajnavalkya, Yama, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parashar, Vyas, Shankh, Daksha, Gautama, Shatatapa, Vasishtha, etc. The rules laid down in Smritis can be divided into three categories viz. Achar (relating to morality), Vyavahar (signifying procedural and substantive rules which the King or the State applied for settling disputes in the adjudication of justice) and Prayaschit (signifying the penal provision for commission of a wrong). Digests and Commentaries- After Shrutis came the era of commentators and digests. Commentaries (Tika or Bhashya) and Digests (Nibandhs) covered a period of more than thousand years from 7th century to 1800 A.D. In the first part of the period most of the commentaries were written on the Smritis but in the later period the works were in the nature of digests containing a synthesis of the various Smritis and explaining and reconciling the various contradictions. The evolution of the different schools of Hindu law has been possible on account of the different commentaries that were written by various authorities. The original source of Hindu law was the same for all Hindus. But schools of Hindu law arose as the people chose to adhere to one or the other school for different reasons. The Dayabhaga and Mitakshara are the two major schools of Hindu law. The Dayabhaga school of law is based on the commentaries of Jimutvahana (author of Dayabhaga which is the digest of all Codes) and the Mitakshara is based on the commentaries written by Vijnaneswar on the Code of Yajnavalkya. Custom- Custom is regarded as the third source of Hindu law. From the earliest period custom (achara) is regarded as the highest dharma. As defined by the Judicial Committee custom signifies a rule which in a particular family or in a particular class or district has from long usage obtained the force of law. Custom is a principle source and its position is next to the Shrutis and Smritis but usage of custom prevails over the Smritis. It is superior to written law. There are certain characteristics which need to be fulfilled for declaring custom to be a valid one. They are:- The custom must be ancient. The particular usage must have been practised for a long time and accepted by common consent as a governing rule of a particular society. The custom must be certain and should be free from any sort of ambiguity. It must also be free from technicalities. The custom must be reasonable and not against any existing law. It must not be immoral or against any public policy and The custom must have been continuously and uniformly followed for a long time. Indian Courts recognize three types of customs viz: (a) Local custom these are customs recognised by Courts to have been prevalent in a particular region or locality. (b) Class custom these are customs which are acted upon by a particular class. Eg. There is a custom among a class of Vaishyas to the effect that desertion or abandonment of the wife by the husband abrogates the marriage and the wife is free to marry again during the life-time of the husband. (c) Family custom these are customs which are binding upon the members of a family. Eg. There is a custom in families of ancient India that the eldest male member of the family shall inherit the estates. Modern Sources Justice, equity and good conscience- Occasionally it might happen that a dispute comes before a Court which cannot be settled by the application of any existing rule in any of the sources available. Such a situation may be rare but it is possible because not every kind of fact situation which arises can have a corresponding law governing it. The Courts cannot refuse to the settle the dispute in the absence of law and they are under an obligation to decide such a case also. For determining such cases, the Courts rely upon the basic values, norms and standards of fairplay and propriety. In terminology, this is known as principles of justice, equity and good conscience. They may also be termed as Natural law. This principle in our country has enjoyed the status of a source of law since the 18th century when the British administration made it clear that in the absence of a rule, the above principle shall be applied. Legislations- Legislations are Acts of Parliament which have been playing a profound role in the formation of Hindu law. After India achieved independence, some important aspects of Hindu Law have been codified. Few examples of important Statutes are The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, etc. After codification, any point dealt with by the codified law is final. The enactment overrides all prior law, whether based on custom or otherwise unless an express saving is provided for in the enactment itself. In matters not specifically covered by the codified law, the old textual law contains to have application. Precedents- After the establishment of British rule, the hierarchy of Courts was established. The doctrine of precedent based on the principle of treating like cases alike was established. Today, the decisions of Privy Council are binding on all the lower Courts in India except where they have been modified or altered by the Supreme Court whose decisions are binding on all the Courts except for itself. A Critique on the Sources It is significant to note that the term Hindu is not defined anywhere in terms of religion or in any statute or judicial decisions. For the purpose of determining to whom Hindu Law applies, it is necessary to know who is a Hindu and none of the sources expressly state so. At most from statutes, we can get a negative definition of a Hindu which states that Hindu law shall apply to those who are not Muslim, Christian, Parsi, Jew, etc. and who are not governed by any other law. Hindu Law is considered to be divine law as it is strongly believed that the sages had attained some spiritual dominion and they could communicate directly with God form whom we get the divine law. But this is only an assumption and no concrete proof for the same is shown that the sages could communicate with God (whose very existence is challenged by atheists). Due to this, many communities are also suffering from the misapprehension or delusion that their forefathers and messiahs had revelations from God. Justice A.M.Bhattacharjee strongly states that according to him he cannot think that even a staunch believer in any divine existence, transcendent or immanent, can believe in the divine origin of Hindu law, unless he has a motive behind such profession of belief or has not read the Smritis or is ready to believe anything and everything with slavish infidelity. According to Justice Markandey Katju, Hindu law does not originate from the Vedas (also called Shruti). He vehemently asserts that there are many who propound that Hindu law originated from the Shrutis but this is a fiction and in fact Hindu law originated from the Smriti books which contained writings from Sanskrit scholars in ancient time who had specialized in law. The Shrutis hardly consist of any law and the writings ordained in the Smriti do not make any clear-cut distinction between rules of law and rules of morality or religion. In most of the manuscripts, the ethical, moral and legal principles are woven into one. It is perhaps for this reason that according to Hindu tradition, law did not mean only in the Austinian sense of jurisprudence and is objectionable to it; and the word used in place of law was the Sanskrit word dharma which connotes religion as well as duty. Although Dharmasutras dealt with law, they did not provide an anthology of law dealing with all the branches of law. The Manusmriti supplied a much needed legal exposition which could be a compendium of law. But according to Kane, It is almost impossible to say who composed the Manusmriti. The very existence of Manu is regarded to be a myth by many and he is termed as a mythological character. Many critics assert that the word Smriti itself means that what is remembered and therefore the validity or proof of the existing Smritis could be challenged. It cannot be said for certainty that what the sages remembered was actually what was propounded. Hindu law has generally been critiqued on the grounds that the Smritis and other customs were generally extremely orthodox and against the favours of women. Hindu society thus has always been a patriarchal society and women have always received subdued importance over men. Some also disapprove of the notions of caste-based system created by ancient Hindu law from which emerged the ill-perceived practices of untouchability, etc. The Smritis are admitted to possess independent authority but while their authority is beyond dispute, their meanings are open to various interpretations and has been and is the subject of much dispute. Till date, no one can say for sure the exact amount of Smritis which exist under Hindu law. It is due to the abovementioned problems that the digest and commentaries were established and various schools of Hindu law started to give birth. The modern sources of Hindu law such as Justice, equity and good conscience have been critiqued on the grounds that it paves the way for personal opinions and beliefs of judges to be made into law. We have seen catena of cases where the decisions of the Court have been criticised for want of proper reasoning. This also signifies the incompleteness of the laws which exist. The Supreme Court in most matters has ascertained the rules of Hindu law successfully but there are couple of cases where they have interpreted the rules in their own light. One of the gravest cases of the Supreme Court which deserves much criticism is the case of Krishna Singh v. Mathura Ahir. The Allahabad High Court had rightly held that the discriminatory ban imposed on the Sudras by the Smritis stands abrogated as it contravenes the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court contradicted the above view and held that Part III of the Constitution does not touch upon the personal laws of the parties. In applying the personal laws of the parties one cannot introduce his own concepts of modern times but should enforce the law as derived from recognised and authoritative sources of Hindu law.except where such law is altered by any usage or custom or is modified or abrogated by statute. It can be submitted with ease that the above view is contrary to all Constitutional theories and is expressly in contradiction with Article 13. It is shocking to note that this judgment is yet to be over-ruled in express terms. Since the aegis of time, Hindu law has been reformed and modified to some extent through legislations but these reforms have been half-hearted and fragmentary. The problem with fragmentary reforms is that though reforms were made to change some aspects, their implications on other aspects were over-looked. For example, the Hindu Womens Right to Property Act, 1937, was passed with a view to granting property rights to women but its repercussions on the law of joint family was over-looked. The result was that fragmentary reforms through legislations solved some problems but resulted in others. Many people make the mistake of considering various text books written by erudite scholars as sources of Hindu law. This is because the Courts have decided many cases relying on these text books and quoted them for reference. For example, Mullas Hindu Law has been quoted by many judges. In Bishundeo v. Seogani Rai, Justice Bose giving the majority judgment stated that The rule laid down in Mullas book is expressly stated to be in cases where the position is not effected by a decree of a competent Court. The same has been the case with many other text books. It should be made clear that text books are not sources of Hindu law and the authors have no authority to lay down the law. Conclusion It has been seen that Hindu law has been critiqued for its orthodoxy, patriarchal character and does not bear a very modern outlook of society. There are many areas where the Hindu law needs to upgrade itself, for example, the irretrievable breakdown theory as a valid ground for divorce is still not recognised under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and even the of Supreme Court have expressed their concern on this. The most valid concern is that the very definition of a Hindu is still not given in any of the sources. Statutes give only a negative definition which does not suffice the test of time. The very proponent that Hindu law is divine law has been challenged by scholars and atheists. There are many Smritis which are yet to be found according to Historians and many conflicts of opinions and interpretations have arisen for the existing ones, thus creating a window of ambiguity under Hindu law. There are also several areas where Hindu law is silent. Most of the ancient sources of Hindu law is written in Sanskrit and it is well known that in the present times there is a dearth of Sanskrit scholars. There is hardly any importance left of the ancient sources since the time the modern sources have emerged and been followed. It can be said that proper codification of Hindu law without room for ambiguity is the need of the hour. It can be said that where the present sources of Hindu law are uninviting the Legislature could look into sources and customs of other religions and incorporate them into Hindu law if it caters to the need of the society and meets the test of time.

The Stanley Cup and Online Communities :: Internet Web Essays

The Stanley Cup and Online Communities What I Know, Assume, or Imagine I will start off by giving a bit of background as to why I chose this particular topic. I consider myself an amateur in online communities, and in particular chat rooms. I have always considered chat rooms places people with no friends can go. I have plenty of friends, so I never really saw the need to chat. The few times I have gone into chat rooms, they are usually sport related. The problem I have found is that the conversation is usually on everything except sports. I still feel this way. The first part of my hypothesis is that chat rooms don't always stick to the subject. I am a huge hockey fan, and consider myself somewhat of an expert in certain areas. This is why I chose the Stanley Cup as my topic for my I-search. I think that combining something I feel I have good knowledge of with the Internet will help me weed out the facts from fiction. Here are some things I know about hockey. The Stanley Cup is the oldest trophy in North American Sports. It gets passed from team to team, unlike some other trophies. In the NHL, the players play for the Cup, not for the championship ring, or the championship itself. The winning team gets it's names on the Cup for all time and each player gets to spend a couple of days with the Cup over the summer. The hall of fame provides a "Cup Keeper" whose job is to stay with the cup at all times. Most hockey players in the US and Canada have dreamt of hoisting the Cup since they first put on skates. (Simon) As you can see, I am very passionate about the Cup, and could write my whole paper on its rich history, which began in the late 1800's. I am sure there are other people like me on the Internet, so my goal is to find them. I will try to use message boards as well as chat rooms. I plan to ask them about stories they have heard about when the players had the Cup. I imagine I will get better results on message boards, so I will concentrate more on these than the chat rooms. Another assumption I have is that certain teams will be more receptive to answering questions from me.

Explain the ethical significance of the Sermon Essay

The Sermon on the Mount is one of the key sections of the New Testament, in which Jesus builds upon the Decalogue to form the first blueprint of Christian ethics. Jesus was preaching in direct contrast to the Greek philosophy of stoicism, which sought to separate man from his emotions. Emotions, especially love, feature heavily in the Sermon on the Mount. It remains ethically relevant over 2000 years later for many reasons, the first of which is the underlying principles behind it. Jesus did not come to abolish Old Testament law, but to fulfil it. The Jews were trapped in a system of harsh legalism, where obedience was motivated by fear rather than love. The Pharisees made a grand display of holiness by keeping the law, but the Sermon on the Mount teaches that their hearts were empty. Jesus built on the Ten Commandments to create a system ruled by mercy, love and dedication to God. Even if the culture changes the basic ethical principles behind the sermon do not change. It is a moral code that focusses as much on inward moral disposition as it does our external actions: Jenkins wrote, â€Å"inner attention and attitude is crucial. † Even if a typically good action is performed with sinful thought then it becomes immoral. The most important thing to realise about the Sermon on the Mount is that it is impossible for anyone to keep it completely, as it demands perfection. Although they will never be free from sin in this life, Christians use the sermon in order to try and become more like Jesus, who was perfect. The Sermon is all about Christian sanctification. Jesus speaks not only on what Christians should do to be moral, but he also explains why it is important to be ethical in the first place. He states that Christians are the salt and light of the world. Salt is significant because it represents purity, preservation and flavour. Therefore we understand that Christians should maintain a good ethical code in order to set an example to society and to preserve it from total corruption. The image of the light is also key: in the Bible light always symbolises joy and blessing. A light is visible to all, and so the Christian should seek to make Christ visible to all through their actions. A light is also a warning, representing the Christian’s duty to lovingly warn their fellow-men about their sin. Further on in the Sermon Jesus admonishes that, â€Å"If the light then within you is darkness, how great is that darkness! † Furthermore, the Sermon on the Mount gives many specific examples of Christian ethics, the first of which is regarding murder. Jesus equates anger to murder, and speaks of the fires of hell. This is contrary to the contemporary universalist view of Jesus and his death which has led some scholars to claim that when he speaks of hell it is merely metaphorical. Regardless, Jesus is affirming that you cannot be right with God until you are right with your fellow men, which all relates to the salt-and-light reputation of a Christian. Jesus also teaches about adultery and sexual morality. Again he equates the inward sin of lust to the outward sin of adultery. He also declares that marrying a divorced woman counts as adultery, a part of the Sermon that even Christians have begun to disregard. This is contrary to the Old Testament where Moses permitted – but did not command – divorce due to the hard heartedness of the people. The close relationship between a husband and wife mirrors the relationship Christ shares with his Church, which is why sex features so highly in Christian ethics. Love, when fully understood. Is opening oneself to another completely and can succeed only where trust and fidelity are present. Subsequently, another part of the Sermon on the Mount that is ethically significant would be where Jesus deals with how we should relate to other people. The standards set by Jesus are so high it is easy for Christians to look down upon those that are struggling. Jesus, ever a carpenter’s son, uses the metaphor of the speck in your brother’s eye and the plank in your own. We are all sinners and it would be highly hypocritical to judge another when we are also flawed. We never know the whole story about someone and it is impossible to be impartial in our judgement. The Jews were familiar with the concept of loving your neighbour and not judging him, but they did not feel the same about their enemies. Jesus commanded us to show agape love towards our enemies. Such love does not naturally come from the heart, but is instead must be put into action through one’s own will. As Jesus was merciful and forgiving to sinners, so we should be. This is vital to Christian ethics. Another ethical aspect of how we relate to other people is how we treat those who are poorer than us. It is not enough to simply preach to them, but we must take care of their physical needs as well as spiritual. Jesus said, â€Å"Give to him who asks of you, and do not turn away from him who wants to borrow from you. † Charitable giving was a fundamental part of Jewish life, but Jesus added another element: it was only ethical if done with the correct motivation. The Greek word translated as hypocrite in the Bible literally means ‘actor’. This is why Jesus commands us to give in secret, lest we become boastful. Moreover, there is a definite eschatological aspect to the Sermon on the Mount as it draws to a conclusion. This emphasises to the Christian how their ethics are eternally significant and will be considered on the Day of Judgement. Jesus states that few will enter the Kingdom of Heaven and that not all that profess to believe in him as Lord will be saved. He warns of false prophets who will come in sheep’s clothing; in this situation the ethics presented in the Sermon on the Mount are vital so a Christian can identify who is a true believer. We are not saved by works, but they are an important part of our Christian identity. The Sermon on the Mount also has certain evangelical tones throughout. It shows the unbeliever what is required of them if they follow Jesus, and the severe consequences if they do not. Spurgeon wrote of this passage, â€Å"The shepherd best discerns his own sheep, and the Lord, Himself alone knows infallibly them who are His. † To conclude, there are conflicting theories regarding the nature of the Sermon – certain theologians such as Calvin believe it is a compilation of many separate sermons. Others debate technical details, such as whether it was preached on a mount or a plain. However, something that every Christian will agree on is that the Sermon on the Mount is of the upmost important as a foundation for Christian ethics. Stott said, â€Å"The Sermon on the Mount is probably the best-known part of the teaching of Jesus, thought arguably it is the least understood, and certainly it is the least obeyed. †

Tanglewood Case 4 Essays

Tanglewood Case 4 Essays Tanglewood Case 4 Paper Tanglewood Case 4 Paper 1. Tanglewood currently uses traditional predictors such as work experience, education and interview, to predict whether a candidate has the characteristics to excel in the areas of citizenship, absence, performance and promotion. These predictors are proven to predict a future employee’s promotion potential. However, only work experience can also predict performance, the rest of the selection tools do not statistically predict citizenship, absence or performance. The worst statistical predictor of performance, in the traditional method, has proven to be the interview score with a high p-value and a very low correlation. 2. Tanglewood would like to more accurately predict the characteristic of future employees who will excel in citizenship and absence. We have been experimenting with different predictors, with some success, in the Seattle area, for the last year. The best predictors of these characteristics have proven statistically to be the Marshfield customer service biodata questionnaire essay, with a correlation of . 22 and a p-value of . 01 for citizenship and a correlation of -. 17 and a p-value of . 1, and the personality exam which measures extraversion and conscientiousness focusing on the conscientiousness with a correlation of . 18 and p-value of . 01 for citizenship and a correlation of -. 33 and a p-value of . 01 for absence. However, in my opinion the biodata questionnaire is not a practical tool due the cost and the fact potential employees may find the essay questions difficult to answer with possible lengthy answers and the questions responded to using the 5-point scale many applic ants may feel the answers require further clarification than the 5-point scale. Another problem with biodata as a predictor is the questions are asking for life experiences which many of the applicants may not have yet experience due to their age and other limitations. The biggest difference in the two samples, traditional and the proposed method, regarding correlations is the size of the samples which changes the correlation significance. The reason for the difference in the sample size, of the proposed method, is it was used as a trial base, at only selected stores and carefully administered whereas the traditional method information was gathered informally. Job Analysis: Store Associate Performance dimensions and tasks statements: Greet customers and ascertain what each customer wants. Maintain knowledge of current sales and promotions. Provide recommendations or locate merchandise for customers. Answer questions regarding the store and its merchandise. Describe merchandise and its operation and care to customers. Continually monitor for and resolve security and theft problem. Ticket arrange and display merchandise to promote sales. KSAOs Knowledge of customer service principles. Knowledge of merchandise offered in the stores Communication and speaking skills Ability to relate to others Skill in organizing, combining, and documenting information Ability to perform light lifting and object manipulation Predictor Measures Content validity is used to estimate how the methods are actually measuring the desired characteristics. Tanglewood has an interest in improving citizenship and absence. According to the observation above, the most effective measure of these characteristics biodata and conscientiousness. Content validation is most appropriate when the sample size is few and criterion measures are not available. 3. In order for Tanglewood to find good employment candidate it should look to the predictors and choose the ones that predict the characteristic most important to the company. Accordingly, they should continue to rely on the application blank to obtain information on education and work experience which accurately predicts performance and promotion potential. The managers have already expressed an interest in retaining the interview as a predictor this is possible however the interview should be standardized to a structured interview with open ended questions to invite the applicant to provide the information needed. This standardization will allow for applicants answers to be compared. Another good predictor for Tanglewood to administer is the conscientiousness part of the personality test which has proven to be an accurate predictor of citizenship and absence. These characteristic are very important to maintain the desired culture at Tanglewood. They could also consider using biodata which is a very good predictor of all identified characteristics however the applicant may find this a difficult test due to the expectation of the applicant describing life experiences which they may not have experienced due to their age or lack of life experiences. 4. Tanglewood should have success with the proposed validation procedures. Use of the application blank is very common and widely excepted practice. The changes to the interview, standardization and open ended questions, will allow for comparisons among the applicants. The conscientious test should, also, be easily accepted. The biodata test may possibly prove difficult to administer in the more rural areas due to the expectation of applicant to describe life experiences and situations the do not apply or have not been experienced. However, these proposed validation procedures should yield more qualified applicants better than the traditional predictors and allow Tanglewood to obtain more employees with the characteristic sought by the company.

Quotations for a 25th Wedding Anniversary Toast

Quotations for a 25th Wedding Anniversary Toast It calls for a celebration when a couple has been together for a quarter of a century and their relationship has survived the battles of this disparaging world. This celebration would be incomplete without a 25th wedding anniversary toast being raised to the eternal couple. Use a few quotes from the ones given below to make your 25th wedding anniversary toast a special one. Quotes AnonymousSpouse: someone wholl stand by you through all the trouble you wouldnt have had if youd stayed single. Henry FordComing together is the beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. Og MandinoTreasure the love you receive above all. It will survive long after your good health has vanished. Zig ZiglarMany marriages would be better if the husband and the wife clearly understood that they are on the same side. David and Vera MaceThe development of a really good marriage is not a natural process. It is an achievement. Ralph Waldo EmersonMarriage is the perfection of what love aimed at, ignorant of what it sought. Elbert HubbardLove grows by giving. The love we give away is the only love we keep. The only way to retain love is to give it away. Chinese ProverbMarried couples who love each other tell each other a thousand things without talking. Hans MargoliusOne man by himself is nothing. Two people who belong together make a world. J. P. McEvoyThe Japanese have a word for it. Its Judo- the art of conquering by yielding. The Western equivalent of judo is, Yes, dear. Johann Wolfgang  von GoetheThe sum which two married people owe to one another defies calculation. It is an infinite debt, which can only be discharged through all eternity. Wedding Anniversary Toast Etiquette Who should make the toast at a wedding anniversary celebration and when should you make them? At a wedding reception, the toast is made by the Best Man after grace is said by a clergyman and before the meal begins. However, you have more options for a wedding anniversary, which would follow the etiquette for a birthday party or formal dinner that has a guest of honor. In this case, the host of the celebration rises to offer a welcoming toast after the guests are seated. Another toast can be offered in honor of the guests of honor when dessert has been served and the champagne and alternative toasting beverages have been served. The toast should not be so long as to keep the guests from enjoying their dessert before it has melted. There can be several rounds of toasts from others in attendance, who rise to give a toast. The guests of honor do not drink when toasted, however. The host is obligated to keep the toasting beverages refilled. The guest of honor is then obligated to rise and thank the host and drink a toast to the host.

Leading Global Workforce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Leading Global Workforce - Assignment Example important for the firm to shape its organizational culture in a way such that the capabilities identified can be employed to address the market challenges and emerging market opportunities. In the words of Becker, Huselid, and Beatty (2013), it is vital for an organization to identify its strategic capabilities effectively to set achievable short-term as well long-term goals in the light of its current resources and potentials (p.na). This process may also assist the business to forecast how long the organization would take to achieve the targets specified. Another importance of identifying strategic capabilities is that it can benefit the organization to determine the right time and method for initiating the next phase of business expansion. Identifying strategic positions is the second step in the process of developing a differentiated workforce. This phase is essential for the organization to deliver its strategic capabilities, employee competencies, and the key behaviors needed (Identify strategic positions). The major significance of strategic positions lies in the fact that they can have a great influence on one or more of the firm’s strategic capabilities. In addition, strategic positions can significantly affect the performance variability, which represents a substantial difference between high and low levels of performance in a given job. By identifying the strategic positions clearly, an organization can determine whether it needs to invest additionally in workforce management and differentiation. This process may also benefit the management to decide whether or not the organization is in a position to capitalize on its strategic capabilities (Becker & Huselid). Management professionals indicate that rec ognizing strategic positions is really inevitable for the organization to promote workplace collaboration and manage a culturally diverse worksite. Assessing strategic players is an integral part of developing a differentiated workforce. This process

Home work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home work - Essay Example aty incorporated more enforcement provisions, there would be lower environmental degradation and environmental clean up would never be a burden to the citizens. Zapatista National Liberation Army’s point of opposing NAFTA and free trade was grounded on the concept of â€Å"Land and Liberty†. That is, the rebellion was ecologically motivated. The revolt region, Chiapas, had three distinct ecological zones, threatened by industrialization. With NAFTA, the indigenous people would be affected because of increased tariffs, which the Zapatistas viewed as a death warrant for the native people. The US government pays farmers not to produce portraying the program as environmental protection initiative. However, the program substituted price support programs fro farmers and is clearly a form of income support initiative. This practice should continue as long as there is enough food supply to the US citizens and farmers are actually willing to give up farming. The fourth agricultural revolution might focus on growing food in areas of close proximity to the market to reduce the impact of emission through burning fossil fuels during transportation of farm produce to markets. It is likely to entail utilitarian urban ecology with green roof tops. In early periods, natives of LDCs were ferried to Europe and America, depleting LDCS, especially Africa, of its workforce and pumping slaves in their own systems for development purposes. Also, global economic policies are in such a way that they favor developed nations while they oppress LDCs. However, LDCs are also to be held responsible for their underdevelopment for numerous reasons. First, LDCs are characterized by poor leadership that lacks accountability. Second, LDCs population growth is far much above the rate of economic growth, putting a lot of strain on available resources. Third, LDCs are characterized by political instability, which is an enemy to development progress. Rapid population growth reduces development

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research - Assignment Example adults, the current trend on the progression in lung cancer among the U.S adults, the relevance of smoking among the above mention group, the effect of passive smoking among the U.S. adults etc. The several study reported under this category also included the effect of long term assessment of these factors. The important journals that have reported the relevant articles for the research question proposed here are Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Lung Cancer, Clinics in Chest Medicine, Journal of Adolescent Health, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Social Science & Medicine, Health Psychology and Preventive Medicine. The search strategy adopted to locate the relevant articles is by using an appropriate search tag like "smoking + lung cancer + U.S. Adults" within each of the journals listed earlier. About 1109 journal articles were located in the database in the initial search effort. Further refinement of the search using appropriate fields gave the total number of articles as 78.

Parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Essay Example for Free

Parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Essay How far would you agree that fear of popular hostility was the main reason why governments enacted parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? The reform movement first started to achieve mass support in the 1760s; during the years of the French Revolution it even appealed to the members of the anti-reform Whig party but as war with France started, the authorities feared revolution as had happened in France and so used repressive measures in a bid to stamp out these new ideas. It was in 1815 however that the reform movement began to become more significant when widespread unemployment attracted the masses to the idea of reform. But as conditions improved during the 1820s the pressure for reform decreased as Cobbett said, I defy you to agitate a man on a full stomach. The reform movement was not unified nor was it on a national scale. There were different groups urging for changes the most extensive of these were the radicals, such men as Robert Paine. They campaigned for universal male suffrage, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, a secret ballot, the payment of MPs and the abolition of property qualifications for MPs. There were some more radical that others however and along with little agreement on what should be the best policy of reform they had little success on parliament. There were also calls for reform from more moderate radicals and members of the Whigs that called for measures for more limited reform such as disfranchising the worst of the rotten boroughs and giving representation to larger towns. The lack of reform prior to the 1832 Act can be explained by the lack of unity of the reformers and their less that significant support in the country but more importantly the Tories anti-reform majority in parliament and the small number of pro-reform Whigs and radicals. The economic slump of 1829 and an increase in poor harvests caused unemployment and distress for many working class families and thus made them more susceptible to reformist ideology. This period saw the reform movement revived by such radicals as Cobbett and Hunt; the BPU, a reform organisation was also founded by Thomas Attwood which provided a pressure group aligning the lower and middle class people this provided the opportunity for others to be created throughout the country during 1829-30 with the middle and working classes increasingly cooperating together; the combination of the two provided a class alliance that the Tories were fearful of. The death of the pro-Tory King George IV necessitated a general election in which the Tories majority was heavily reduced and the continuation of Wellingtons government became uncertain with the increase of Whig seats. This was due to the pro-reform attitude of the country especially within the counties and open boroughs. The election saw the return of Henry Brougham in a seat for Yorkshire; he was more popular in the country than any Whig leader and had promised to initiate parliamentary reform. With the reform movements continued support, other agitation began to emerge in the country. The Swing Riots of Southern England involved burning hayricks and breaking machinery which they blamed for reducing employment for farm workers. Although easily suppressed, the Whigs, worried of unrest and encouraged by the Tory decline, announced their intention to introduce reform legislation in the Commons; Wellington however continually expressed his belief that the existing system possessed the full and entire confidence of the country. In November 1830 the defeat of the Tory government in the Commons brought an end to their 20 years of rule. This opened the door to the Whigs who had already expressed intention in reforming parliament who formed a minority government. The Whigs aim of producing this legislation was a measure large enough to satisfy public opinion but to also provide resistance to further innovation and to uphold the authority of the Aristocracy and the existing Whig government. Although they wanted to remove the most blatant abuses, they were heavily concerned with preserving as much as possible the social and political status quo. Their strategy was to remedy the grievances of the middle classes thereby gaining their support and dividing the middle-working class alliance of the reform movement which posed huge problems for the government of left unresolved. The Bill made no concessions to the radicals and working classes meaning that post-reform agitation would almost certainly continue. During the Bills progression through parliament, agitation continued. Political unions organised demonstrations, riots occurred in Nottingham and Bristol and further violence seemed possible. This extra-parliamentary agitation only strengthened the Whig governments determination in passing the Bill. When King William IV refused to create more Whig peers to carry the Bill through the Lords, Grey resigned and Wellington took office again. This resulted in the Days of May where nationwide protests and demonstrations made some fearful of revolution; reformers also threatened an economic crisis by withdrawing gold from the banks to stop the Duke, go for gold. With Wellingtons failure at forming a government, and the huge public opinion in favour of reform, the King had no choice but to create these necessary peers the Tory majority in the House of Lords however conceded and the Bill was passed. It can therefore be seen that although reform was intended by the Whigs, there was still fear of an uprising that could have swayed members votes, especially in the Commons. Further parliamentary reform was inevitable the Whigs had recognised the huge public opinion in favour of reform and were now in a majority in the House of Commons. Lord Althorp even warned Grey in 1833 that without popular measures, the Reform Act will lead to revolution. It is therefore clear that the fear of uprisings was still apparent to many even after the Act was passed. Although the next Reform Act wasnt passed until 1867, there was still popular agitation in the country. This especially came from the Chartist movement whose demands would have essentially made Britain into a democracy; their demands were however ignored by parliament largely based on the fact that anti-reformer Palmerston was in charge for much of the period between the Acts. With an increasing number of reform legislation being passed both social and economic the country was becoming more democratic and with this came factors in determining parliamentary reform. As well as radical demands for reform continuing, a new factor of party political opportunism was also present it was in the Conservative parties own interests to pass the Second Reform Act. As had happened prior to the 1832 Act, 1866 saw economic problems which increased social discontent and fuelled the calls for reform this is evident in the huge surge of membership to the Reform Union and Reform League. In 1866 both organisations one middle class, the other working started working together, creating the same threat that the Tories had feared back in 1830. It was the Liberal party that introduced the first Bill to parliament, with them seeing the opportunity in enfranchising selective members of working class who were already in favour of the party. The radicals backed the Bill but believed that the measure was too limited; many right-wing Liberals however thought the opposite that the Bill would enfranchise too many of the working class. The Conservatives saw the opportunity of the split ideology and the Liberal party and worked with the right-wingers in defeating the Bill in June of 1866; the Liberal government resigned, giving way to a minority Conservative administration. Despite his own parties opposition to reform, Disraeli introduced his own reform Bill based purely on self-interests in gaining the support of the proposed boroughs to be enfranchised. Moreover, Disraeli also claimed that he intended to destroy the present agitation in the country. As well as party political interests, agitation was still ongoing with radicals and organisations pushing for reform. A peaceful demonstration by the Reform League in London had erupted in violence in July 1966; this, along with further riots, convinced many MPs on the need for reform. Disraelis Bill introduced in March 1867 was more moderate than the Liberal one before it, with the intention that those who opposed the last Bill will accept this one. Rather than it being defeated, Disraeli was willing to make the Bill even more radical than the one prior it was their certainty that redistributing seats would return a Conservative majority that made members within the party support the Bill, along with the radical MPs. It can therefore be seen that self-interests of parties was the main factor in bringing about the Second Reform Act rather than agitation in the country, which was the case during the 1830s. Calls for a secret ballot had been apparent since the late eighteenth century, it was even considered during the Reform Bill in 1831. It wasnt however agitation that led to the Ballot Act of 1872, it was the election of 1868. Violence, corruption and intimidation had occurred as in every election prior but what was surprising was the publicity the election received with journalists commenting on the extent to which violence was a factor. The government set up a committee in 1870 to look into this with their report favouring a system of secret voting. Although the Conservatives apposed such a measure, they saw the opportunity in getting radical support so pushed ahead with the Bill. Intimidation still continued even with an increased electorate and secret voting it simply meant that candidates had to spend more to win over the voters. Secret voting did however mean that voters would not necessarily vote for the candidate they had received money from; this, along with radical calls for reform, urged governments of the time to act. The 1883 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act passed with both Conservative and Liberal support it limited the expenditure of elections (fell by three-quarters in the 1885 election) and in turn reduced corruption and violence. It was parties interests saving them the huge expense of elections that again prevailed over agitation to pass reform. After the 1867 Act, most politicians had accepted that further parliamentary reform was inevitable, even if they didnt support it. It was therefore important to ensure that reform was in the parties interests, as had occurred in 1867. It was again party self-interests that determined the Third Reform Act Gladstone agreed to support moderate reform believing he would gain popularity in the country. A Liberal Bill was introduced in 1884 with the Conservative majority of the House of Lords, led by Salisbury, believing that although an extension of the county franchise would be beneficial to the Liberals, a redistribution of seats would prevent them from gaining a sufficient majority. By this time conflict had reappeared again, not regarding reform but the abolition of the House of Lords. The riots that followed were not on the same level as in 1832 and the government had little to worry about. There was no significant extra-parliamentary pressure for reform, it was the parties acting in self-interest for themselves in trying to pass the Bill that really counted. A compromise was finally reached the Arlington Street compact in which both parties got what they wanted the Liberals an extension of the franchise and the Conservatives the redistribution of seats. With each successive Act making the House of Commons more democratic, the House of Lords remained essentially aristocratic, with many radicals proposing the upper House be reformed. There were repeated calls for the House to be abolished, especially during the Liberals Home Rule Bill, which was thrown out by the Lords. The election of 1906 produced a Liberal majority of over 200 seats, with the Lords still a Conservative stronghold poised to block key Liberal measures in the following years. The Parliament Bill was introduced in 1910, but the Lords were reluctant to pass such a measure that would removed their power of veto. Liberal Prime Minister Asquith therefore urged the King to create more peers to secure a Liberal majority insisting that there was a serious state of unrest among the middle classes that could lead to harming the crown. The Bill was reintroduced to Parliament with the House of Lords finally accepting the proposals in August 1911 rather then see the House swamped by Liberal peers. The 1911 Parliament Act can therefore be seen as very little to do with agitation in the country and more of the fact of the increasing hostility between the Liberal government and the Conservation Lords. Although the electoral system was now more representative of the people than ever before, there were still huge numbers of people who were denied the vote women for example made up half of the population but still had no proper political voice. The system was therefore still criticised, with the Liberal party calling for further reform including manhood suffrage and the abolition of plural voting. It was from the womens suffrage movement that significant pressure on parliament after 1885 emerged. Parliament found it increasingly difficult to ignore calls for reform from organisations such as the National Union of Womens Suffrage and the Womens Social and Political Union, both of which held demonstrations and were increasing in popularity. They began more militant activities including vandalism and attacks on MPs which only helped to alienate potential supporters, it was in fact the more moderate groups that found the greater success. Once again it came down to party politics with the Liberal party in 1905 believing that enfranchising women on the same basis as men would create a majority middle-class, who were more than likely to vote Conservative. The reform movement virtually disappeared during the outbreak of the war, which reinforces the claim that the Fourth Reform Act passed in 1918 was a result of the parties, and not extra-parliamentary pressure. The Liberals and Labour both supported universal male suffrage by now, with the Conservatives apposing the idea at first but hoping such enfranchised men would vote Conservative. Women were also partly included in the act not because of suffragette pressure, but because before the war a majority of MPs favoured extending the vote to them as long as it was in their parties interests. It can therefore be seen that virtually no agitation or pressure was put on parliament during the time leading up to the 1918 Act, it was simply due to the self-interests of the parties with each benefiting from a particular aspect of the Bill.

Racial Violence Society

Racial Violence Society Today, various medias have portrayed racist violence in different ways. Racial violence is a way of attacking or abusing one because of his or her identity. For example, imagine walking down a street and an individual of another color attacks you. How would you feel? Is it just pure violence? What would you have done to prevent this? Or perhaps the attack has taken place because of your own color. Medias such as movies, books, or songs, have been widely portrayed to identify the uses of racist violence. Such medias in this analysis includes a movie, â€Å"Do The Right Thing† directed by Spike Lee, a current national news report of â€Å"The Shooting of Sean Bell†, and a CBS program about the gruesome murder of Emmett Till. When racial violence occurs, individuals do take action to glorify the meaning of racial brutality to support and seriously be concerned for any violence in his or her society. The first media, â€Å"Do the Right Thing† is a movie written by Spike Lee. The main character in the film is Mookie, a young man who lives with his sister and works as a pizza delivery man for the local Sals Pizzeria. Sal, an Italian pizzeria owner has the shop for decades and has the respect for his customers. The story takes place in Bed-Stuy, Brooklyn, a black neighborhood well known for racial disputes in the plot. Some racial disputes involves with the Koreans and the three unemployed African Americans sitting by the sidewalk. These men dislike the Korean man because of his shop. Moreover, Sal and his sons are thrown off by the boycott from Buggin Out, and Radio Raheem. Until one day, Buggin Out and Radio Raheem stepped into the store and began taunting at Sal. Radio Raheem had turned his radio to the highest volume, until an angry Sal, took his bat and destroyed the radio. Soon the two men and the brothers began fighting. The fight spills onto the streets. Moments after the fight began, Mookie grabs a garbage can, screaming â€Å"HATE†, slings it through the windows of Sals. A large crowd of onlookers surrounded the area. Upon entering the store, Smiley starts a fire. The building soon burn down and Sal was out of business. In this story, there were a lot of racial attention between the African Americans and the Italians. Also, marked by the racial violence, the Koreans were also attacked with harsh discrimination. Nevertheless, we see that the impact of the racial violence affected many people. Mookie realizes how he and his fellow African Americans were treated unequally. When looking at the arrest, the police killed Radio Raheem. This illustrates an unjustified type of violence by an authority that we trusted. Onlookers from the nearby apartments came by to watch the violence. This attention brought people from around the country. Realizing how this story affects the society of today, Spike Lee indeed wrote this story to illustrate how individuals do take actions for each acts of racial violence. Furthermore, acts of support were included into the film. For example, while Mookie was talking to his sister, we see that on the wall states, â€Å"Tawana told the truth!† This was one of the allusions that were in support of a racial-related violent act. This was referred to a rape scandal that reflected among the African Americans in the nation. The second media is a newspaper article â€Å"The Shooting of Sean Bell†, by Nahal Toosi. On November 30, 2006, Sean Bell and his friends attended a bachelor party at a club in Jamaica, where the three men were shot by undercover police officers. The shooting killed Sean Bell on his wedding day and wounded two of his companions, setting a storm of outrage in New York City and across the nation. As investigators continue to approach this case, family members and relatives of Bell continued to mourn his grieve and sadden lost. Many people in the city of New York are justifiably angered by this tragedy. Clearly, this tragedy marked a serious of problems within the police department. Citizens around the city gathered together to protest the racial brutally committed by the police department. For example, the leading African American supporters Rev. Al Sharpton and Rev. Jesse Jackson led protests and engage in talks within the society to bring greater support involving the racial violent brutalities. At one point, Sharpton states how that justice must be serve, and ask questions that contradicts the cases. He also questions how the police completed 50 shots to kill a young man who was just going to be married and unarmed. Individuals gather at a Town Hall Meeting to talk about the murder of Sean Bell. The determined community came together to demand answers that will serve justice to this violent crime. This leads to greater support and shows how this violence affects many individuals, and that one or another can act together and be concerned about this situation. The third media is a CBS program, called â€Å"American Experience: The Murder of Emmett Till.† This program strongly illustrates the gruesome murder of a young black man named grocery store in Money, Mississippi. Emmett Till, a teen from Chicago, didnt understand that he had broken the unwritten laws of the Jim Crow South until three days later. Then two white men dragged him from his bed in the dead of night, beat him brutally and then shot him in the head. This violence occurs because of the boys race. In the program, the man confessed to the crime. They insisted that they wanted revenge against the boy. It was his fault that this had to happen. â€Å"Without a sense of caring, there can be no sense of community,† quoted Anthony J. D Angelo. After the murder, hundreds and perhaps thousands of mourners arrived at a Chicago funeral home to pay tribute to the young man Emmett Till. This shows how individuals actually care about this tragedy and present national attention. Emmett Tills mother Mamie opted to have an open casket funeral because she wanted everyone to see what those two men had done to her son. After the citizens of about 600,000 observed the horrific result of the racial crime, men got up who never got up before. Others became more vocal who had never been vocalized before. And the fact that this happened to a child was more extensive. Nevertheless, this act sent a powerful message that lead others to come out and think about what actually happened and how he or she can stepped out to solve it. Medias such as books, songs, novels, or TV programs have come together to portray the ideas of racial violence. But it is clear to others that many of the individuals who have seen the results of a racial brutality, have stepped up to be concerned and showed support. Individuals do take action to glorify the meaning of racial brutality to support and seriously be concerned for any violence in his or her society. 7

Illusion versus Reality in Miss Brill Essay -- Katherine Mansfield Mis

Illusion versus Reality in Miss Brill  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Is it really "okay" to talk to yourself as long as you don't talk back? Well, what if your fur piece talks back? In Katherine Mansfield's short story, "Miss Brill," it is a quickly established fact that Miss Brill has an odd relationship with her fur necklet (440). But it is the author's descriptive use of symbolism that provides a deeper understanding of Miss Brill's personality. Katherine Mansfield creates the woman in the ermine toque (441) in similarity to Miss Brill to reveal Miss Brill's identity in connection with her own fur piece and invite comparison, which further illustrates Miss Brill's perception of reality.    Introduced in the story as simply "an ermine toque" (441), Ms. Mansfield establishes the woman wearing this fur hat as a symbol that assists in defining the relationship of one-ness Miss Brill has with her own fur. Through Miss Brill's description of the woman in the ermine toque, it is clear that Miss Brill perceives the woman in connection with the fur she wears (441-442). Miss Brill compares the woman's coloring to the color of her fur by pointing out that everything, her hair, her face, even her eyes, [is] the same colour as the shabby ermine"(441). Miss Brill goes on to describe the woman's hand as being "a tiny yellowish paw" (441). And when the woman exits Miss Brill's attention, she does not walk away as a human would, but she "patters away" as a small animal might (442). Miss Brill's inability to differentiate clearly between the woman and the ermine toque she wears reinforces Miss Brill's identity in connection with her own fur. Mansfield employs this description as a techn ique to suggest the need to interpret Miss Brill from the descri... ...nly a secondary symbol, it assists in enriching our understanding of Miss Brill's peculiarities while pointing out primary symbols, like her own fur necklet. How Mansfield employs the "ermine toque" to foretell the plot of the larger story demonstrates a difference between those who interact and constructively deal with conflict and those who run away, refusing to accept the realities of life. Miss Brill, who does not interact with life, chooses to interact with her fur which, though genuine, is not alive. Instead, she chooses an imitation for her own life by "sitting in other people's lives" (440) which, though reality, cannot remain her reality.    Works Cited Mansfield, Katherine.   "Miss Brill."   Introduction to Literature: Reading,   Analyzing, and Writing. 2nd ed.   Ed. Dorothy U. Seyler and Richard   A. Wilan. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1990.   440-43.

Organizations Performance Essay

An organization’s performance is vital for their success and it is important that all employees are on board with making sure the performance is of high quality. It differs from other evaluations within the company because the performance evaluation â€Å"focuses on the organization as the primary unit of analysis† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Within an organization’s performance it helps determine the actual output or end results of an organization against the intended outputs or goals for the organization (businessdictionary.com). The product market performance is also included in an organizations performance. Some tools can help the organization change or â€Å"improve their policies on behalf of greater preparedness for the many futures ahead† (NYUWagner, 2011). Different areas and tools are used to determine the organization’s performance and how well they either are doing or how much improvement the organization needs to bring their performance up. â€Å"Organizations are constantly trying to adapt, survive, perform and influence† but that does not always mean they are successful at doing what they do (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). One way that an organization can better their performance is by conducting an organizational assessment to diagnose their current performance to see what is working and what could use a little bit of improvement. This â€Å"tool can help organizations obtain useful data on their performance, identify important factors that aid or impede their achievement of results, and situate themselves with respect to competitors† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). The main four tools for organizational performance are effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, and financial viability. â€Å"Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result† (businessdictionary.com). This means that if something is considered to be effective then it has an intended or expected outcome which is what is used in the organizations to determine if what is set in place is working effectively or if additional changes need to be made. There is sufficient reason and means with effectiveness and that is to accomplish a purpose. Without a purpose there is not an effective meaning behind conducting business or maintaining a successful organization. Effectiveness is a very good tool for organizations and managers to understand and become familiar with to be on the right track for success. Another tool that management should be familiar with and make sure the organization is doing is efficiency. Efficiency is not to be confused with effective even though sometimes they are mixed up and confused. â€Å"Efficiency describes the extent to which time, effort or cost is well used for the intended task or purpose† (businessdictionary.com). Typically efficiency is used with the specific purpose of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). Relevance is a basic tool but one that can help in the success of an organization. It is â€Å"the ability to retrieve material that satisfies the needs of the user† mostly in the terms of an informational retrieval system (businessdictionary.com). Management need to have relevance in order to be successful because they need to be able to pull the necessary information from production, departments, and other sources to see if what is being produced or utilized is satisfying their requirements or not. For a business to be effective they need to â€Å"strive for the best possible economic results from the resources currently employed or available† (Drucker, 1963). Having an effective business is the key for the business to be able to grow and establish themselves as a company and within the community. Several different techniques are used to allow the business to become effective. One of the keys for successful management â€Å"is to examine the marketplace† and focus on the process of management versus the output (Drucker, 1963). When focusing on the process of management it is important for the company to look at strategy, planning and budgeting and understand the difference between each of them yet understand how each one works with each other to make it successful. â€Å"Strategy is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty† (businessdictionary.com). For a business to be successful they need to implement some sort of strategy. Strategy is important because it helps to utilize all of the resources that are available or could be available for the project at hand. Most of the time resources are usually limited and in order to achieve the goals that the company has set in place making sure the strategy is set in place will help the process flow more smoothly. â€Å"Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a position of advantage† over the opponents, or competition that is able to have flexibility instead of having to stick to any specific fixed plan. By allowing there to be slight flexibility that allows the company to try to keep an advantage over the competition and stay ahead compared to the other organizations. Planning â€Å"is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal† (businessdictionary.com). Strategy could be considered the first step and then planning would be the second step in achieving the desired goal for organizational su ccess. Planning involves the construction and maintenance of a plan. â€Å"This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan† or combination of it with other plans (NYUWagner, 2011). Planning typically combines forecasting of development with the preparation for how the organization should react to these situations. For the organization to remain successful it needs to understand the importance and relationship between planning and forecasting. â€Å"Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like† or what the future might hold for the company and â€Å"planning predicts what the future should look like† (NYUWagner, 2011). Organizations that do not understand the difference between planning and forecasting will not be as successful as the organizations that do. This is because looking at the numbers of what something might look like and what it should look like are two different ways of planning. For a business to be successful the need to focus on planning so their predictions are what the future should look like to be successful and stay on the right path. Budgets are also incorporated with strategy and planning, they all intertwine together. â€Å"A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan for a defined period of time† (businessdictionary.com). Several different factors can be associated within a budget such as sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expense, assets and liabilities, and even cash flows. The budget â€Å"expresses strategic plans of business units, organizations, activities or events in measurable terms† (Evaluating the Performance of an Organization, 2012). For a company to have success in their daily operations they need to make sure the stay on budget and current with all of their projects. Many organizations create a budget for each plan however they do not follow through with the budget. It is one thing to create a budget for a product and it is another thing to actually follow through with the budget and make sure everyone stays on track. If the company goes over budget then the planning and strategy process were not calculated correctly. Everyone involved within the project needs to be familiar with the strategy, plan and budget aspects to keep the organization successful and continue moving forward instead of always having to back track. It is easy to get off of track or to change the plan in the middle of the project. It is up to the organization and the team responsible for the project to keep the budget that they were assigned. Works Cited NYCWagner. (2011). Retrieved August 21, 2013, from http://www.NYCWager.com Evaluating the Performance of an Organization. (2012). Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/managing-your-business/business-ethics.html#ixzz2afud6KU0 Business Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2013, from http://www.businessdictionary.com Ferrell. (2011). Business Ethics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kirby. (2012). Accounting Principles. McGraw. Zain, B. (2011). Strategic Management. Pittsburg: McGraw.